skeletal system Flashcards
ligament
flexible band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone
cartilage
tough, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones and decreases friction
bone marrow
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavities of bones which produces blood cells
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
axial skeleton
bones of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
appendicular skeleton
forms the extremities and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones
compact bone
hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones
spongy bone
located toward the end of long bone; contains small open spaces which lightens bone
innervated
contains nerve fibers
vascular
contains blood vessels
osteocyte
mature bone cell
osteoblast
cells that make bone
osteoclast
cell that breaks down bone
chondrocyte
mature cartilage cell
osteon
unit of compact bone; made up of concentric circles called Haversian canals
epiphyseal plate
growth plate, made of cartilage found near the ends of long bones; gradually turns to bone as the skeleton matures
bone remodeling
ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
parathyroid hormone
hormone that stimulates calcium release from bones
calcitonin
hormone that increases the deposition of calcium into the bones
closed fracture
broken bone with no break in the skin
open fracture
broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into many fragments
greenstick fracture
only one side of the bone shaft is broken, and the other is bent; most often seen in children
transverse fracture
break is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
compression fracture
fracture in which the bone collapses especially in short bones such as vertebrae
stress fracture
small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
spiral fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
hematoma
localized swelling filled with blood
bony callus
osteoblasts produce a mass of spongy bone and convert the fibrocartilage to a bony callus as a fracture heals
cervical
vertebrae of the neck
thoracic
vertebrae of the chest or thorax
lumbar
vertebrae of the lower back
sacrum
wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae connecting the two pelvic bones
coccyx
tail-bone
suture
immovable joint that connects the bones of the skull
mandible
lower jaw bone
maxilla
upper jaw bone
frontal bone
forms the forehead
parietal bones
two bones on the side and top of the skull
temporal bones
two bones that form the lateral aspects and floor of the skull
occipital bone
bone found at the back and base of the skull
intervertebral discs
fibrous cartilage between vertebrae which provide shock absorption and flexibility
costal cartilage
cartilage that connects the sternum and the ends of the ribs
pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula; anchors the upper limb
pelvic girdle
pelvis; anchors the lower limb
sternum
breast bone; between the ribs
clavicle
collar bone; links the scapula and sternum
scapula
shoulder blade
humerus
upper arm bone
radius
forearm bone on the thumb side
ulna
forearm bone on the pinkie finger side
carpals
wrist bones
metacarpals
bones of the palm of the hand
phalanges
top section of hands and feet
coxal bone
hip or pelvic bone; consists of ilium, ischium, and pubis
femur
thigh bone
tibia
medial, thicker bone of the lower leg; shin
fibula
lateral, thinner bone of the lower leg
patella
knee cap
tarsals
ankle bones
metatarsals
bones forming the arch of the foot
synovial joint
freely movable joint containing a cavity filled with synovial fluid
fontanelle
soft membranous spot between the skull bones of an infant
zygomatic
cheekbone
articular
pertaining to a joint
abduction
movement away from the midline
adduction
movement toward the midline
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints
circumlocution
circular movement of a limb at the far end
depression
lowering a body part
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
dorsiflexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
elevation
raising a body part
endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
ethmoid bone
forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium
epiphysis
end of a long bone
eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
external rotation
rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline
flexion
decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together
Haversian canal
channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
internal rotation
rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward
joint capsule
connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity and retains the fluid
meniscus
cartilage disc in the knee that absorbs shock and cushions joint
nasal bone
forms the bridge of the nose
periosteum
double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes bone
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
protraction
moving a body part forward
reduction
putting a bone back into alignment
retraction
moving a part backward
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
sphenoid bone
bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together
supination
movement that turns the palm up
pronation
turning the palm downward
synovial fluid
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
trabecular
irregular latticework of thin bony plates in spongy bone tissue
vomer
forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum
collagen
protein found in bones and cartilage which gives them flexibility
growth hormone
hormone secreted by pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones
interstitial growth
growth in length of bones
appositional growth
growth in width or thickness of bones
endochondral ossification
process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage during fetal development
hyoid bone
bone in the neck that serves as a base for the tongue and does not articulate with any other bone
immobilization
stabilization, fastening the bone in a fixed position with pins, plates, or a cast
synarthrosis
immovable joint
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
diarthrosis
freely movable joint
multiaxial
movement of a joint in or around all three planes
uniaxial
movement of a joint in one plane
coronal suture
suture between the parietal and frontal bones
sagittal suture
suture between the two parietal bones
squamous suture
suture between parietal and temporal bones
lambdoid suture
suture between parietal bones and occipital bone
anterior fontenelles
is a soft spot on a baby’s head that’s located at the top and near the front
posterior fontenelles
a soft, triangular gap in a baby’s skull that’s located at the back of the head where the parietal and occipital bones meet
