chapters one and two Flashcards
what is anatomy ?
the study of structures; the science of body and relationships
what is physiology ?
the science of body functions; the study of how body parts function
what is the study of molecular physiology ?
functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA
what is the study of neurophysiology ?
functional properties of nerve cells
what is the study of endocrinology ?
hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions
what is the study of cardiovascular physiology ?
functions of the heart and blood vessels
what is the study of immunology ?
the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents
what is the study of respiratory physiology ?
functions of the air passageways and lungs
What is the study of renal physiology ?
functions of the kidneys
what is the study of exercise physiology ?
changes in the cell and organs functions due to muscular activity
what is the study of pathophysiology ?
functional changes associated with disease and aging
what is the study of developmental biology ?
the growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death
what is the study of embryology ?
the first 8 weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology
what is the study of cell biology ?
cellular structures and functions
what is the study of histology?
microscopic structures of tissues
whats the study of gross anatomy ?
structures that can be examined without a microscope
what is the study of regional anatomy ?
specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
what is the study of systemic anatomy ?
structures of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system
what is the study of surface (topographical) anatomy ?
surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualizations and palpation (gentle touch)
what is the study of imaging anatomy ?
internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention
what is clinical anatomy ?
the application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
what is the study of pathological anatomy ?
structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease
how many levels of structural organization are there ?
6
what is the first level of organization ?
1) chemical level (atoms and molecules also known as DNA)
what is the second level of organization ?
2) cellular level for example a smooth muscle cell
what is the third level of organization ?
3) tissue level for example a smooth muscle tissue
what is the fourth level of organization ?
4) organ level for example stomach
what is the fifth level of organization ?
5) system level for example the digestive system
what are the 11 systems of the human body ?
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
what is the sixth level of organization ?
6) organism level
what is the smallest unit of matter ?
atoms
what are some essential atoms for life ?
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur
A molecule is what ?
Molecules two or more atoms joined together
Molecules do what to form a cell
combine
Within the tissue level what are tissues
Tissues are groups of similar cells that function together to carry out specific activities
what are the four basic types of tissues
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
within the organ level how are organs made
Tissues are joined together to form organs
organs are what
composed of two or more different types of tissues
what is the system level
its related organs with a common function and it contains the eleven systems of the human body
the metabolism within the life processes in humans does what
chemical reactions of the body
the responsiveness within the life processes in humans does what
detect and respond to changes
the movement within the life processes in humans does what
motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, or cellular structures
the growth within the life processes in humans does what
increase in body size (size of cell or # cells or both)
the differentiation within the life processes in humans does what
unspecialized to specialized state
the reproduction within the life processes in humans does what
new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; new individual
what is homeostasis
a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis is also maintained by the body’s regulatory processes
the survival of our body cells are dependent on what ?
on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid
this fluid is known as extracellular fluid
what are the basic components of a feedback loop ?
1) stimulus
2) controlled condition
3) control center
4) effectors
5) response
define organismal level
an organism or any living individuals
what are the two chemical processes within the metabolism
1) catabolism
2) anabolism
what is catabolism
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
what is anabolism
building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
define responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
define movement
Motion of the whole body
includes: Organs, cells, and tiny sub-cellular structures
define growth
Increase in body size
Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both
In bone growth materials between cells increase
define differentiation
Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
define reproduction
Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement)
Production of a new individual
define homeostasis
A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment
Dynamic condition
A narrow range is compatible with maintaining life
Example:
Blood glucose levels range between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood
define homeostasis of body fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell
what are the two main fluids found within homeostasis of body liquids
1) Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
2)Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
what is Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside cells
Interstitial fluid is ECF between cells and tissues
what is Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
fluid within cells
define feedback system (regulates homeostasis)
Body is monitored and re-monitored
what are the 3 basic components for a feedback system ?
1) Receptor – sends input to…
2) Control center (brain)
3) Effector
what is a receptor and what does it do
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
Sends input to the control center
Nerve impulses and chemical signals
within the feedback system what is the control center and what does it do
Ex; Brain
Sets the range of values to be maintained
Evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command
Nerve impulses, hormones
Brains acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors
within the feedback system what is the effector and what does it do
Receives output from the control center
Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Found in nearly every organ or tissue
Body temperature drops the brain sends and impulse to the skeletal muscles to contract
Shivering to generate heat
what is a negative feedback system and what does it do
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
Regulation of blood pressure
Pressure receptors send input to brain…which tells blood vessels to vasodilate…decreasing BP to desired range
what is a positive feedback system
Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions
Normal child birth
blood clots
what is a Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
what are two types of sagittal planes
Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides
Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides
what is a Frontal or coronal plane
Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
what is a Transverse plane
Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
aka cross-sectional or horizontal plane
what are three body cavities
Cranial cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
what is a cranial cavity
Formed by the cranial bones
Protects the brain
what is a vertebral canal
Formed by bones of vertebral column
Contains the spinal cord
what is the thoracic cavity
Also called the chest cavity
Formed by :
- Ribs
- Muscles of the chest
- Sternum (breastbone)
- Vertebral column (thoracic portion)
what is the thoracic cavity
Contains :
1) Pericardial cavity
- Fluid-filled space that surround the heart
2) Pleural cavity
- Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung
what is mediastinum
Central part of the thoracic cavity
- Between lungs
- Extending from the sternum to the vertebral column
what is Abdominopelvic Cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin
Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis
what are the Nine Abdominopelvic Regions
1) Right hypochondriac
2) right lumbar region
3) right inguinal (iliac) region
4) epigastric region
5) umbilical region
6) hypogastric (pubic) region
7) left hypochondriac
8) left lumbar region
9) left inguinal (iliac) region
what is a quadrant
Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus
what are the four vertical and horizontal lines that pass through the umbilicus
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left lower quadrants (LLQ)
