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a and p 1 > chapters one and two > Flashcards

chapters one and two Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy ?

A

the study of structures; the science of body and relationships

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2
Q

what is physiology ?

A

the science of body functions; the study of how body parts function

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3
Q

what is the study of molecular physiology ?

A

functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

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4
Q

what is the study of neurophysiology ?

A

functional properties of nerve cells

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5
Q

what is the study of endocrinology ?

A

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

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6
Q

what is the study of cardiovascular physiology ?

A

functions of the heart and blood vessels

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7
Q

what is the study of immunology ?

A

the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

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8
Q

what is the study of respiratory physiology ?

A

functions of the air passageways and lungs

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9
Q

What is the study of renal physiology ?

A

functions of the kidneys

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10
Q

what is the study of exercise physiology ?

A

changes in the cell and organs functions due to muscular activity

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11
Q

what is the study of pathophysiology ?

A

functional changes associated with disease and aging

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12
Q

what is the study of developmental biology ?

A

the growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death

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13
Q

what is the study of embryology ?

A

the first 8 weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology

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14
Q

what is the study of cell biology ?

A

cellular structures and functions

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15
Q

what is the study of histology?

A

microscopic structures of tissues

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16
Q

whats the study of gross anatomy ?

A

structures that can be examined without a microscope

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17
Q

what is the study of regional anatomy ?

A

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

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17
Q

what is the study of systemic anatomy ?

A

structures of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system

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18
Q

what is the study of surface (topographical) anatomy ?

A

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualizations and palpation (gentle touch)

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19
Q

what is the study of imaging anatomy ?

A

internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention

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20
Q

what is clinical anatomy ?

A

the application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

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21
Q

what is the study of pathological anatomy ?

A

structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

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22
Q

how many levels of structural organization are there ?

A

6

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23
Q

what is the first level of organization ?

A

1) chemical level (atoms and molecules also known as DNA)

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24
Q

what is the second level of organization ?

A

2) cellular level for example a smooth muscle cell

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25
Q

what is the third level of organization ?

A

3) tissue level for example a smooth muscle tissue

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26
Q

what is the fourth level of organization ?

A

4) organ level for example stomach

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27
Q

what is the fifth level of organization ?

A

5) system level for example the digestive system

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28
Q

what are the 11 systems of the human body ?

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

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29
Q

what is the sixth level of organization ?

A

6) organism level

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30
Q

what is the smallest unit of matter ?

A

atoms

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31
Q

what are some essential atoms for life ?

A

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur

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32
Q

A molecule is what ?

A

Molecules two or more atoms joined together

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33
Q

Molecules do what to form a cell

A

combine

34
Q

Within the tissue level what are tissues

A

Tissues are groups of similar cells that function together to carry out specific activities

35
Q

what are the four basic types of tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

36
Q

within the organ level how are organs made

A

Tissues are joined together to form organs

37
Q

organs are what

A

composed of two or more different types of tissues

38
Q

what is the system level

A

its related organs with a common function and it contains the eleven systems of the human body

39
Q

the metabolism within the life processes in humans does what

A

chemical reactions of the body

40
Q

the responsiveness within the life processes in humans does what

A

detect and respond to changes

41
Q

the movement within the life processes in humans does what

A

motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, or cellular structures

42
Q

the growth within the life processes in humans does what

A

increase in body size (size of cell or # cells or both)

43
Q

the differentiation within the life processes in humans does what

A

unspecialized to specialized state

44
Q

the reproduction within the life processes in humans does what

A

new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; new individual

45
Q

what is homeostasis

A

a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis is also maintained by the body’s regulatory processes

46
Q

the survival of our body cells are dependent on what ?

A

on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid

this fluid is known as extracellular fluid

47
Q

what are the basic components of a feedback loop ?

A

1) stimulus
2) controlled condition
3) control center
4) effectors
5) response

48
Q

define organismal level

A

an organism or any living individuals

49
Q

what are the two chemical processes within the metabolism

A

1) catabolism
2) anabolism

50
Q

what is catabolism

A

breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

51
Q

what is anabolism

A

building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

52
Q

define responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

53
Q

define movement

A

Motion of the whole body
includes: Organs, cells, and tiny sub-cellular structures

54
Q

define growth

A

Increase in body size

Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both

In bone growth materials between cells increase

55
Q

define differentiation

A

Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

56
Q

define reproduction

A

Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement)

Production of a new individual

57
Q

define homeostasis

A

A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment

Dynamic condition

A narrow range is compatible with maintaining life

Example:
Blood glucose levels range between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood

58
Q

define homeostasis of body fluids

A

Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell

59
Q

what are the two main fluids found within homeostasis of body liquids

A

1) Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
2)Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

60
Q

what is Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside cells

Interstitial fluid is ECF between cells and tissues

61
Q

what is Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A

fluid within cells

62
Q

define feedback system (regulates homeostasis)

A

Body is monitored and re-monitored

63
Q

what are the 3 basic components for a feedback system ?

A

1) Receptor – sends input to…
2) Control center (brain)
3) Effector

64
Q

what is a receptor and what does it do

A

Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition

Sends input to the control center

Nerve impulses and chemical signals

65
Q

within the feedback system what is the control center and what does it do

A

Ex; Brain

Sets the range of values to be maintained

Evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command

Nerve impulses, hormones

Brains acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors

66
Q

within the feedback system what is the effector and what does it do

A

Receives output from the control center

Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

Found in nearly every organ or tissue

Body temperature drops the brain sends and impulse to the skeletal muscles to contract

Shivering to generate heat

67
Q

what is a negative feedback system and what does it do

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

Regulation of blood pressure

Pressure receptors send input to brain…which tells blood vessels to vasodilate…decreasing BP to desired range

68
Q

what is a positive feedback system

A

Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions

Normal child birth

blood clots

69
Q

what is a Sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

70
Q

what are two types of sagittal planes

A

Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides

Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides

71
Q

what is a Frontal or coronal plane

A

Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

72
Q

what is a Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

aka cross-sectional or horizontal plane

73
Q

what are three body cavities

A

Cranial cavity

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

74
Q

what is a cranial cavity

A

Formed by the cranial bones

Protects the brain

75
Q

what is a vertebral canal

A

Formed by bones of vertebral column

Contains the spinal cord

76
Q

what is the thoracic cavity

A

Also called the chest cavity

Formed by :
- Ribs
- Muscles of the chest
- Sternum (breastbone)
- Vertebral column (thoracic portion)

77
Q

what is the thoracic cavity

A

Contains :
1) Pericardial cavity
- Fluid-filled space that surround the heart
2) Pleural cavity
- Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung

78
Q

what is mediastinum

A

Central part of the thoracic cavity
- Between lungs
- Extending from the sternum to the vertebral column

79
Q

what is Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Extends from the diaphragm to the groin

Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis

80
Q

what are the Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

A

1) Right hypochondriac
2) right lumbar region
3) right inguinal (iliac) region
4) epigastric region
5) umbilical region
6) hypogastric (pubic) region
7) left hypochondriac
8) left lumbar region
9) left inguinal (iliac) region

81
Q

what is a quadrant

A

Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus

82
Q

what are the four vertical and horizontal lines that pass through the umbilicus

A
  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • Left lower quadrants (LLQ)
83
Q
A

a and p 1 (6 decks)

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