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chapters one and two Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy ?

A

the study of structures; the science of body and relationships

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2
Q

what is physiology ?

A

the science of body functions; the study of how body parts function

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3
Q

what is the study of molecular physiology ?

A

functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA

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4
Q

what is the study of neurophysiology ?

A

functional properties of nerve cells

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5
Q

what is the study of endocrinology ?

A

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

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6
Q

what is the study of cardiovascular physiology ?

A

functions of the heart and blood vessels

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7
Q

what is the study of immunology ?

A

the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

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8
Q

what is the study of respiratory physiology ?

A

functions of the air passageways and lungs

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9
Q

What is the study of renal physiology ?

A

functions of the kidneys

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10
Q

what is the study of exercise physiology ?

A

changes in the cell and organs functions due to muscular activity

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11
Q

what is the study of pathophysiology ?

A

functional changes associated with disease and aging

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12
Q

what is the study of developmental biology ?

A

the growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death

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13
Q

what is the study of embryology ?

A

the first 8 weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology

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14
Q

what is the study of cell biology ?

A

cellular structures and functions

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15
Q

what is the study of histology?

A

microscopic structures of tissues

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16
Q

whats the study of gross anatomy ?

A

structures that can be examined without a microscope

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17
Q

what is the study of regional anatomy ?

A

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

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17
Q

what is the study of systemic anatomy ?

A

structures of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system

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18
Q

what is the study of surface (topographical) anatomy ?

A

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualizations and palpation (gentle touch)

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19
Q

what is the study of imaging anatomy ?

A

internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention

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20
Q

what is clinical anatomy ?

A

the application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

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21
Q

what is the study of pathological anatomy ?

A

structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

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22
Q

how many levels of structural organization are there ?

A

6

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23
Q

what is the first level of organization ?

A

1) chemical level (atoms and molecules also known as DNA)

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24
what is the second level of organization ?
2) cellular level for example a smooth muscle cell
25
what is the third level of organization ?
3) tissue level for example a smooth muscle tissue
26
what is the fourth level of organization ?
4) organ level for example stomach
27
what is the fifth level of organization ?
5) system level for example the digestive system
28
what are the 11 systems of the human body ?
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
29
what is the sixth level of organization ?
6) organism level
30
what is the smallest unit of matter ?
atoms
31
what are some essential atoms for life ?
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur
32
A molecule is what ?
Molecules two or more atoms joined together
33
Molecules do what to form a cell
combine
34
Within the tissue level what are tissues
Tissues are groups of similar cells that function together to carry out specific activities
35
what are the four basic types of tissues
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
36
within the organ level how are organs made
Tissues are joined together to form organs
37
organs are what
composed of two or more different types of tissues
38
what is the system level
its related organs with a common function and it contains the eleven systems of the human body
39
the metabolism within the life processes in humans does what
chemical reactions of the body
40
the responsiveness within the life processes in humans does what
detect and respond to changes
41
the movement within the life processes in humans does what
motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, or cellular structures
42
the growth within the life processes in humans does what
increase in body size (size of cell or # cells or both)
43
the differentiation within the life processes in humans does what
unspecialized to specialized state
44
the reproduction within the life processes in humans does what
new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; new individual
45
what is homeostasis
a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment Homeostasis is also maintained by the body’s regulatory processes
46
the survival of our body cells are dependent on what ?
on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid this fluid is known as extracellular fluid
47
what are the basic components of a feedback loop ?
1) stimulus 2) controlled condition 3) control center 4) effectors 5) response
48
define organismal level
an organism or any living individuals
49
what are the two chemical processes within the metabolism
1) catabolism 2) anabolism
50
what is catabolism
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
51
what is anabolism
building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
52
define responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
53
define movement
Motion of the whole body includes: Organs, cells, and tiny sub-cellular structures
54
define growth
Increase in body size Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both In bone growth materials between cells increase
55
define differentiation
Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
56
define reproduction
Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement) Production of a new individual
57
define homeostasis
A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment Dynamic condition A narrow range is compatible with maintaining life Example: Blood glucose levels range between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood
58
define homeostasis of body fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell
59
what are the two main fluids found within homeostasis of body liquids
1) Intracellular Fluid (ICF) 2)Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
60
what is Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside cells Interstitial fluid is ECF between cells and tissues
61
what is Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
fluid within cells
62
define feedback system (regulates homeostasis)
Body is monitored and re-monitored
63
what are the 3 basic components for a feedback system ?
1) Receptor – sends input to… 2) Control center (brain) 3) Effector
64
what is a receptor and what does it do
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition Sends input to the control center Nerve impulses and chemical signals
65
within the feedback system what is the control center and what does it do
Ex; Brain Sets the range of values to be maintained Evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command Nerve impulses, hormones Brains acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors
66
within the feedback system what is the effector and what does it do
Receives output from the control center Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition Found in nearly every organ or tissue Body temperature drops the brain sends and impulse to the skeletal muscles to contract Shivering to generate heat
67
what is a negative feedback system and what does it do
Reverses a change in a controlled condition Regulation of blood pressure Pressure receptors send input to brain…which tells blood vessels to vasodilate…decreasing BP to desired range
68
what is a positive feedback system
Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions Normal child birth blood clots
69
what is a Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
70
what are two types of sagittal planes
Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides
71
what is a Frontal or coronal plane
Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
72
what is a Transverse plane
Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions aka cross-sectional or horizontal plane
73
what are three body cavities
Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
74
what is a cranial cavity
Formed by the cranial bones Protects the brain
75
what is a vertebral canal
Formed by bones of vertebral column Contains the spinal cord
76
what is the thoracic cavity
Also called the chest cavity Formed by : - Ribs - Muscles of the chest - Sternum (breastbone) - Vertebral column (thoracic portion)
77
what is the thoracic cavity
Contains : 1) Pericardial cavity - Fluid-filled space that surround the heart 2) Pleural cavity - Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung
78
what is mediastinum
Central part of the thoracic cavity - Between lungs - Extending from the sternum to the vertebral column
79
what is Abdominopelvic Cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis
80
what are the Nine Abdominopelvic Regions
1) Right hypochondriac 2) right lumbar region 3) right inguinal (iliac) region 4) epigastric region 5) umbilical region 6) hypogastric (pubic) region 7) left hypochondriac 8) left lumbar region 9) left inguinal (iliac) region
81
what is a quadrant
Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus
82
what are the four vertical and horizontal lines that pass through the umbilicus
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - Left lower quadrants (LLQ)
83

a and p 1 (7 decks)

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