Skeletal System Flashcards
Explain what is meant ay the anatomical position
Person stands erect, palms forward feet parallel and flat on the floor palms facing forward. Arms are at the side of the body.
Describe following body positions
a. supine
b. prone
a. body lying face up
b. body laying face down
Meaning of the following anatomical terms:
a. distal
b. medial
c. proximal
d. contralateral
e. lateral
f. bilateral
g.Unilateral
h. Ipsilateral
i. anterior (ventral)
j. posterior (dorsal)
k. Superior
l. Inferior
a. further from the trunk
b. nearer to the midline
c. nearer to the trunk
d. on the opposite side
e. away from the midline
f. both sides
g. one side
h. on the same side
i. nearer the front
J. nearer the back
K. towards the top
L. towards the bottom
Anatomical term for further under the skin
Explain the difference between the following planes;
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal/transverse
Coronal - separating front and back
Sagittal - separating left and right
Horizontal/transverse plane - separate top from bottom.
List 4 functions of the human skeleton
Supports the framework of the body
Assists with movement (joints)
Haematopoiesis - formation and development of blood cells from the red bone marrow
Mineral Homeostasis - mainly calcium phosphate
Triglyceride storage (Yellow bone marrow)
Attachment for muscles and tendons
Forms boundaries (skull)
Which bone cell am I:
a. Huge cells derived from fusion of as many as 50 monocytes.
b. Bone building cells. Synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix.
c. Mature bone cells. Maintains daily metabolism of bone such as nutrient and waste exchange
d.Only bone cell to undergo division
a.Osteoclast
b.Osteoblast cell
c.Osteocyte
d. Osteogenic
Which bone cell can transform to an Osteocyte?
Osteoblast
Describe 3 features of compact bone
Contains few spaces and is strong
stuctural unit of compact bone is Osteon
which are aligned in the same lines as stress
80% of bone is compact bone
where is compact bone located
Beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up a bulk of the Diaphysis of long bones.
What is meant by resorption
Osetoclasts and Osteoblasts work together to remodel bone. The process of breaking down of bone matrix is known as Resorption
Whats the structural unit of compact bone
Osteon
Explain the Haversian canal
It is part of the Osteon and contains blood vessels and nerves
Describe the Lamellae
Concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen
Describe Lacunae
Small spaces between Lamellae and contain Osteocytes
Describe Canaliculi
Mini system of interconnected canals that provide a route for nutrient and waste.
Describe two features of spongy bone
Consists of an irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae which are arranged along the lines of stress.
Macroscopic spaces between trabeculae help make bone lighter and can be filled with bone marrow. Also contains blood vessels to nourish the bone.
Where is spongy bone located in the body.
Makes up the interior of short, flat and irregularly shaped bones and the ends of long bones. Spongy bone is always covered with compact bone.
Explain why spongy bone is always covered by a layer of compact bone.
Provide protection, structural support and blood supply.
Name the most abundant mineral in bone
Calcium Phosphate is the most abundant, but mixes with other mineral salts such as magnesium, sulphate and potassium
Give 2 examples of long bone
Femur
Tibia
Complete the following:
The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by the ____________________ plate, which is a layer of ________________ cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length. The epiphysis contains a region of thin outer ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬____________ bone covered by hyaline cartilage. There is an inner spongy bone with ____________ bone marrow. The diaphysis contains an outer compact bone covered by ____________. It contains a central ____________ cavity that contains____________ and ____________ bone marrow.
Epiphyseal plate
Hyaline Cartilage
Compact Bone
Red Bone Marrow
Periosteum
Medullary
Red
Yellow
What do the following terms mean
a. diaphysis
b. epiphysis
A. shaft of long bone
b. Heads of long bone
Does all bone marrow commence as yellow bone marrow.
No all bone marrow starts out red then as we go through life it turns yellow and is stored in our bones for quick access should we need it in an emergency.
Describe 3 functions of the periosteum
Protects bone
Serves as an attachment for ligaments and tendons.
supply blood to the bone
Help bone grow in width
Describe the inner and outer layers of the periosteum
Inner layer is the Osteogenic layer that contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts assisting in bone growth and repair
A tough Outer layer ‘fibrous layer protects the bone.
Apart from long bones, name FOUR other types of bones and list one example of each
Sesamoid bone - Patella (knee cap)
Irregular bone - vertebrae
short bone - carpals
Flat bone - Skull
Describe the difference between ‘Intramembranous’ and ‘Endochondral’
ossification.
Intramembranous - develops from a connective tissue sheets. e.g all flat bones - skull and the clavicles develop this way.
Endochondral - main way we produce bone by replacing hyaline cartilage.
Identify which bone grows lengthwise.
Long bones
List TWO factors that influence bones as they grow in thickness.
Physical stress, muscle activity and weight.
Explain the role of the epiphyseal plate.
Long bones elongate from the epiphyseal growth plate. It is a layer of hyaline cartilage where Osteoblasts are produced in the early 20’s the epiphyseal growth plate ossifies and only a thin epiphyseal line remains.
Name TWO hormones that promote osteoblast activity.
Growth hormone
Thyroid Hormone
Calcitonin
Name TWO hormones that promote osteoclast activity.
Cortisol and Parathyroid Hormone
Name TWO glands in the body that regulate calcium exchange
Parathyroid and Thyroid glands
Describe in detail what specifically happens when there is a:
a. Reduction in blood calcium
b. Increase in blood calcium
a. Hypocalcaemia - Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood.
b. Hypercalcaemia - Increase in Osteoblast activity (takes calcium from the blood back into the bone)
- Describe the role of the following vitamins and minerals in the regulation of calcium in the body:
a. Vitamin D
b. Vitamin K2
c. Magnesium
a. Vitamin D facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines and is directly involved in bone turnover
b. Vitamin K2 activates a protein called osteocalcin which controls the utilisation of calcium in the body (depositing in the bones)
c. Magnesium is a co-factor needed for the conversion of Vit D in the body.
Name TWO factors that contribute to Vitamin D deficiency.
Low sun exposure, reduced dietary absorption, reduce ability for the body to produce the active form of vitamin D through processes in the skin, liver and kidneys. High alcohol intake.
State the type of exercise that promotes bone building and explain why it is important.
Mechanical stress (Weight baring exercise) leads to increased mineral deposition and increased collagen production stimulating osteoblasts therefore builds bone.
How are skull bones joined
by fibrous joints (sutures)
What are sinuses and what is their function
Air filled cavities in the skull
a. give resonance to voice
b. lightens bones of face and cranium
What are fontanelles
Soft spots between sutures on a new borns head that gradually fuse over a period of 18 months.
How many joints in the human body
187
Is the vertebral column axial or appendicular skeleton
Axial
Describe the role of intervertebral discs and how many do we have.
Shock absorption 23 discs
How many vertebrae in each of the following. Name the region and number
a. cervical
b. Thoracic
c. lumbar
d. Sacrum and coccyx
a. cervical - C1 - C7 (5)
b. Thoracic - T1 - T 12 (12)
c. Lumbar L1 - L5 (5)
d. Sacrum and Coccyx (fused bones)
What are the functions for the vertebral column
Protection for the spinal cord, movement e.g side bending, support of skull and forms the axis of the trunk
When are intervertebral discs most hydrated and what can this cause.
First thing in the morning and in our 30’s - 40’s it is when patients are most likely to get disc herniations due to discs being most hydrated
What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral discs
Nucleus pulposus - inner part that is a gel like pad
Annulus Fibrosus
How many bones in the body
206
How many bones in the appendicular skeleton
126
How many bones in the axial Skeleton
80
Define the appendicular skeleton
Distal skeleton - consisting of the limbs
What are the functions of the appendicular skeleton and what key areas does it consist of.
Movement and organ protection
Pelvic girdle, leg and foot shoulder girdle, arm and hand
What joint do you find in the dimples of your lower back
Sacro Iliac joint
Describe the function of a bursa
to allow frictionless movement in a joint
Give one example of a fibrous joint
Sutures between skull bones
Describe the structure of a synovial joint
joint that has synovial membrane and synovial fluid and a bit of cartilage line the joints making the joint mobile.
What is meant by the movement flexion
reduce angle in joint
What happens to the foot in planta flexion
bending foot down. Standing on tip toes
Which 2 bones make up the shoulder girdle
Clavicle and scapula
Where in the body do we find
carpals
metacarpals
Phalanges
Carpals - wrist
Metacarpals - bones between carpals and digits (fingers)
Phalanges fingers
Explain how muscles are attached to bone
They are attached to bone via tough fibrous structures called tendons. e.g calf muscle and Achilles tendon as it attaches to your ankle
Describe the role of a joint
joints connect 2 bony structures to permit varying degrees of movement
Give TWO examples of joints that allow for no or limited movement
Fibrous joints - e.g skull
Cartilaginous joints - e.g Epiphyseal growth plate and intervertebral discs
Describe the role of a joint
connect 2 bony structures to permit movement
Which hormone promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate
Oestrogen and Testosterone
