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July 24 Biomedicine > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 Functions of the muscular system

A

Movement - result of muscular contraction

Movement of substances

Storage of Substances such as Oxygen and Glycogen

Maintaining posture and balance through continued partial muscle contraction.

Heat production - Thermogenesis

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2
Q

Give 5 example of movement of substances in muscles in the body.

A

Heart - muscle pumps blood around the body
Sphincters prevent out flow from hollow organs
Smooth muscle in blood vessel walls helps control blood flow
Smooth muscle moves food through the digestive tract and urine through the urinary system.
Diaphragm draws air into airways/lungs

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3
Q

What is Thermogenesis

A

Heat production is also known as Thermogenesis. It helps maintain normal body temperature. Shivering describes involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle.

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4
Q

What are the 4 muscle properties

A

Contractility - ability to contract (shorten)

Excitability - ability to conduct an electrical current. Nerve impulses cause muscle to contract.

Extensibility - ability for muscle to stretch without being damaged.

Elasticity - ability to return to original length and shape after contraction or extension gives it spring

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5
Q

Name 2 muscles that are striated

A

Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal muscle

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6
Q

What are the differences in striated and non striated muscles.

A

Striated muscles contain cells aligned in parallel bundles that form stripes visible with a microscope.

Non striated muscle contain cells that are randomly arranged with no stripes visible under the microscope

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7
Q

What muscle is non striated

A

Smooth muscle

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8
Q

What are the key features of Skeletal muscle

A

Striated - attaches between bones and creates movement at joints.
Voluntary muscle

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9
Q

What are the key features of Cardiac muscle

A

Striated - forms the heart muscle
Involuntary muscle that generates its own rhythmic contraction. (autorhythmic)

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10
Q

What are the key features of Smooth muscle

A

Non Striated - found in the walls of blood vessels, walls of the gut and in the iris.
Involuntary muscle

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11
Q

What is the purpose of striated muscle

A

Gives us a very uniform contraction, you get the same contraction each time. It is able to do this because of the way it is aligned in bundles.

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12
Q

The heart muscle is arranged similar to a tree with a branching process. Why is this?

A

So it can gradually spread a wave of contraction around the heart in a very uniform way.

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13
Q

How many skeletal muscles in the body

A

640

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14
Q

What percentage of body weight does skeletal muscle account for?

A

40%

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15
Q

What is skeletal muscle covered by what is it and what does it do?

A

Covered by fascia which is a dense connective tissue that organises muscle, secures it to skin and provides stability.

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16
Q

What is a major component of Fascia

A

Collagen

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17
Q

What is the cell membrane of skeletal muscle fibres called

A

Sarcolemma

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18
Q

Cytoplasm in the muscle cell is called

A

Sarcoplasm

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19
Q

What is the function of transverse tubules in the cell

A

extend from the cell membrane into the muscle cells.

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20
Q

Where is calcium stored in muscle and why do we need calcium.

A

It is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and it is needed for muscle contraction

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21
Q

What is myoglobin and what is its the function

A

Iron and Oxygen binding protein stores oxygen in muscles and makes the muscle appear red.

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22
Q

What is the function of transverse tubules

A

They ensure that electrical impulses travelling along the muscle gets to the inside of the cell.

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23
Q

Why do Cardiac and Skeletal muscle contain lots of Mitochondria and where are they located

A

for aerobic respiration - cardiac and skeletal muscle are metabolically active. They are located close to myoglobin

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24
Q

Why do skeletal cells contain many nuclei

A

Muscle cells/fibres are formed from the fusion of cells called myoblasts in the embryo.

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25
Q

Can muscle cells under go mitosis

A

No

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26
Q

How would muscle cells regenerate

A

They have limited regenerative capacity by using satellite cells. The number of skeletal muscle fibres each person has is set at birth.

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27
Q

Describe the cardiac Muscle

A

Striated forms the heart muscle. Involuntary muscle that generates its own rhythm on contraction.

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28
Q

Describe Skeletal Muscle

A

Striated - attaches between bones and creates movement at joints. Voluntary muscles.

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29
Q

Describe Smooth Muscle

A

Non striated - found in the walls of blood vessels walls of the gut and iris. It is an involuntary muscle

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30
Q

Explain the role of fascia

A

coating for skeletal muscles, it organises the muscle, secures it to the skin and provides stability. Collagen is a major component.

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31
Q

Why are we born with a set number of skeletal cells

A

Because muscle cell fibres are unable to undergo mitosis. They can only be made by the fusion of myoblasts attained prior to birth.

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32
Q

Define Myofibrils

A

Cylindrical structures formed of bundles of protein filaments within the muscle fibre. They are contractile threads arranged in striated pattern.

33
Q

Describe TWO Myofilaments which make up myofibrils

A

Actin - thin filaments
Myosin - thick filaments shaped like a golf clubs; the myosin heads can bind to Actin.

34
Q

Explain what is meant by sarcomeres

A

A Sarcomere is the basic unit of striated muscle and contains the following Bands;

H Band - Myosin Only
A Band - dark area where actin and myosin overlap
I Band light area of actin only filaments
Z Disc filaments of actin that are arranged at 90 degree angles where they separate the sarcomeres.

35
Q

Define the following in relation to connective tissue:

  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
A

Epimysium - the entire muscle is surrounded by epimysium which attaches it to the fascia and tendons.

Perimysium - bundles of between 10-100 muscle fibres are bound together to form fascicles which is then surrounded by the perimysium

Endomysium - Is the thin sheath that surrounds individual muscle fibres.

36
Q

What is the function of collagen fibres in connective tissue.

A

assists to tightly intermingle with other structures for better transfer of force

37
Q

Describe/Explain the skeletal muscle Hierarchy

A

Myocytes contain myofibrils that are made up of smaller myofilaments actin and myosin

Myocytes are bundled together to form fascicles which are surrounded by the perimysium

Fascicles accumulate together to form the entire muscle which is surrounded by the epimysium.

The epimysium provides an attachment for the muscle to the periosteum of the bone.

38
Q

What is the Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

A

It is the meeting point (synapse) where the motor neurons meet a muscle fibre

39
Q

In the NMJ which neurotransmitter is stored n the motor neuron synaptic bulb ending

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

Define synapse

A

Small gap between 2 structures e.g synaptic end bulb and muscle

41
Q

With regards to the Neuro muscular junction - What influences the strength of a muscle contraction?

A

Depends on the number of motor neurons that are conducting and electrical pulse at one time, as well as the frequency of impulses.

42
Q

What is the motor end plate

A

the location where motor neurons terminate in tiny pads on the muscle fibre.

43
Q

Describe what specifically happens in sliding filament contraction

Hint - make sure you include correct minerals

A
  1. Nerve impulse will arrive at the NMJ
  2. The nerve impulse (action potential) spreads along the sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules into the muscle cells where is releases calcium (Ca2+) from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  3. Calcium and ATP cause the myosin head to bind to the actin filament next to it. As the Actin and Myosin bind the movement causes the filaments to slide over each other therefore shortening the fibre.
44
Q

Describe what specifically happens in sliding filament Relaxation

A
  1. Nerve stimulation stops (no nerve impulse)
  2. Using Magnesium and ATP, calcium is actively transported (pumped back) into storage, this breaks the actin and myosin bond
  3. Actin and Myosin slide back into starting positions, lengthening the fibre again (relaxation)
45
Q

What does magnesium do to muscle fibres

A

makes them less excitable and prevents myosin binding with actin .

46
Q

Name 4 minerals essential for effective muscle activity

A

Calcium, magnesium, Iron, Sodium & potassium

47
Q

What is the function of Sodium and potassium in muscle activity

A

allow the nerve impulse to arrive at the NMJ

48
Q

Why do we need iron for muscle activity

A

Iron carries Oxygen around the blood to muscles to use to create energy.

49
Q

List 3 hormones that promote Hypertrophy

A

Growth Hormone
Testosterone
Thyroid Hormone

50
Q

Why is protein required to support hypertrophy during strength training?

A

During strength training, individuals experience high levels of muscle tissue breakdown and hence protein is required to support Hypertrophy

51
Q

Why do muscles require higher levels of ATP

A

because they are highly energy demanding.

52
Q

Describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic respiration - requires oxygen to generate ATP
Requires a continual blood supply.
It occurs in the Mitochondria
Each reaction produces 38 ATP molecules (36 net) using only 2 molecules up in the reaction.

Anerobic respiration - produces ATP in the absence of Oxygen
Takes place in the cytoplasm and occurs via glycolysis. The reaction produces a net of two ATP Molecules
Produces lactic acid

53
Q

What does lactic acid do

A

Lowers muscle PH and causes muscle fatigue

54
Q

What is the equation for Anerobic respiration

A

Glucose > Lactic acid + energy

55
Q

What is the equation for Aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen + (glucose) > carbon dioxide + water + energy

56
Q

What does ATP Stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

57
Q

Which type of respiration generates more ATP

A

Aerobic

58
Q

Which type of activity is more suitable with anaerobic respiration

A

intensive short term activity

59
Q

Why can anaerobic respiration lead to muscle fatigue

A

Due to the build up of lactic acid that lowers muscle PH

60
Q

What are the 2 main pathways for ATP Synthesis

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration

61
Q

What is Creatine Phosphate

A

Protein unique to muscles and is an energy storage form

62
Q

Why is Creatine Phosphate important

A

When muscles cells are lacking ATP CP can provide a small but ready source of energy in the first 15 seconds of a contraction

63
Q

Does a cell have more Creatine Phosphate or ATP

A

3 to 6 times more creatine phosphate

64
Q

What is Creatinine

A

a by product from the break down of Creatine Phosphate

65
Q

Complete Muscle fibres chart categorised as 3 types

A

On computer

66
Q

What percentage of Slow Oxidative Fibres are there

A

50%

67
Q

Which Face muscle opens the eyes

A

Orbicularis Oculi

68
Q

which face muscle raises the eyebrow

A

Occipitofrontalis

69
Q

What face muscle closes/pouts lips

A

Orbicularis Oris

70
Q

What muscles of the face are used for Mastication

A

Masseter
Temporalis

71
Q

which muscle turns and tilts head

A

Sternocleidomastoid

72
Q

What muscle pulls head backwards and elevates (shrugs) and retracts shoulders.

A

Trapezius

73
Q

Function of supraspinatus (one of rotator cuff muscles)

A

Initial 15% abduction of shoulder

74
Q

Function of the Psoas and where does it run

A

Anterior to the lumbar spine) Runs from lower back through hip and attaches to the femur.
Function - Hip flexor (pulls thigh towards the trunk)

75
Q

Function of the Latissimus Dorsi

A

Widest part of the back.
Function Extends, adducts and internally rotates arms

76
Q

Function of the Quadratus Lumborum and where do we find it.

A

Sits between the top of the pelvis and 12th rib and is attached to 4 of the 5 lumbar spine.
Function - bending backwards or sideways vertebral extension or lateral flexion

77
Q

What is the function of the Erector Spinae

A

Extension of the vertebral column. Keeps spine upright.

78
Q

Which back muscle is commonly responsible for muscle aches

A

Erector Spinae

July 24 Biomedicine (3 decks)

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