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A&P1 Lecture Exam 2 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system includes?

A

bones, cartilage,
ligaments, connective tissues

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2
Q

Five Primary Functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of Minerals (calcium) and Lipids (yellow
    marrow)
  3. Blood Cell Production (red marrow)
  4. Protection
  5. Leverage (force of motion)
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3
Q

Bones are classified by:

A
  • Shape
  • Internal tissue organization
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4
Q

Six Bone Shapes

A
  1. Sutural bones
  2. Irregular bones
  3. Short bones
  4. Flat bones
  5. Long bones
  6. Sesamoid bones
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5
Q
  • Small, irregular bones
  • Found between the flat
    bones of the skull
  • Variable in number and
    size
A

Sutural Bones

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6
Q
  • Have complex shapes
  • Examples: pelvic bones,
    vertebrae, sphenoid, zygomatic bone
A

Irregular Bones

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7
Q
  • Small and thick
  • Examples: ankle and wrist
    bones
A

Short Bones

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8
Q
  • Thin with parallel surfaces
  • Found in the skull,
    sternum, ribs, and
    scapulae
A

Flat Bones

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9
Q
  • Long and thin
  • Found in arms, legs, hands,
    feet, fingers, and toes
A

Long Bones

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10
Q
  • Small and flat
  • Develop inside muscles or
    tendons near joints of
    knees, hands, and feet
  • Patella (kneecap)
A

Sesamoid Bones

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11
Q

give an example of long bone

A

Limbs
humerus, radius, ulna, phalanges, femur, tibia, ulna

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12
Q

give an example of short bones

A

wrist and ankle
carpals and tarsals

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13
Q

give an example of irregular bones

A

pelvic bones, sphenoid, zygomatic bone

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14
Q

give an example of flat bones

A

skull, ribs, parietal, frontal, sternum , scapulae

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15
Q

give an example of sesamoid bone

A

patella

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16
Q

Structure of a Long Bone

A

diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis

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17
Q

-The shaft (middle section)
- A heavy wall of compact bone
-A central space called medullary (marrow)
cavity

A

diaphysis

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18
Q
  • Wide part at each end
  • Articulation with other bones
  • Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
  • Covered with compact bone (cortex)
A

Epiphysis

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19
Q
  • Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
A

Metaphysis

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20
Q

A central space of a long bone in a diaphysis

A

medullary (marrow)
cavity

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21
Q

Structure of a Flat Bone

A
  • Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone between
    two layers of compact bone
  • Spongy bone: Diploë
    -Compact bone: Cortex
  • Spongy bone contains red
    bone marrow in spaces
    between bone meshwork
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22
Q

two layers of compact bone in flat bone
* Spongy bone: Diploë
* Compact bone: Cortex

A
  • Spongy bone: Diploë
  • Compact bone: Cortex
23
Q

spongy bone=

A

diploe

24
Q

compact bone

A

cortex

25
Q

Spongy bone contains —— in spaces
between bone meshwork

A

red bone marrow

26
Q

External surface of bones covered by

A

Periosteum

27
Q

External surface of bones covered by Periosteum
* Except at ___________

A

the ends that are enclosed in joint capsule

28
Q

bone is a ______tissue

A

connective

29
Q

Bone is a connective tissue
which is made of

A
  • Dense matrix
    -2/3 Calcium salt
    (Hydroxyapatite)
  • 1/3 Collagen
  • Osteocytes
    (mature bone cells)
    within lacunae
30
Q

dense matrix is made of

A
  • 2/3 Calcium salt
    (Hydroxyapatite)
  • 1/3 Collagen
31
Q

Bone contains four types of cells which are

A

Osteocytes,
Osteoblasts,
Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoclasts

32
Q

Bone Cells make up only —% of bone mass

A

2%

33
Q

are mature bone cell in lacunae that maintains the bone matrix
does BOTH
BREAKING & REBUILDING!!

A

Osteocytes

34
Q

2 major functions of osteocytes

A
  1. To maintain surrounding protein matrix
  2. To help repair damaged bone
    - Degrade surrounding bone matrix
    - Rebuild matrix with new collagen, new hydroxyapatite
    - Bone Turnover
35
Q

-Immature bone cells that secrete organic compounds of matrix
-BABY CELLS
-only BUilds

A

osteoblasts
BBB
blast build baby cells

36
Q

Matrix produced by osteoblasts is

A

osteoid

37
Q

Organic components only (not yet calcified to form
bone)

A

osteoid

38
Q

Osteoblasts become or mature into

A

osteocytes

39
Q
  • Stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
  • Located in the inner cellular layer of periosteum and
    the endosteum
  • Maintain osteoblast populations, assist in fracture
    repair
A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

40
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells
* Stem cells that divide to produce

A

osteoblasts

41
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells is
Located in the inner cellular layer of ——— and
the ——–

A
  • Located in the inner cellular layer of periosteum and
    the endosteum
42
Q
  • Maintain osteoblast populations, assist in fracture
    repair
    -Packs CALCIUM AWAY INTO THE BONE
A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

43
Q

-Giant, multinucleate cells
* Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
* Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals
(osteolysis)
* Maintains blood concentrations of calcium & phosphate
* Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages
RELEASES CALCIUM!!

A

Osteoclasts

44
Q
  • Bone building (by osteoblasts) and bone recycling (by
    osteoclasts) must balance
A

Homeostasis

45
Q

More breakdown than building, bones become—–
* Immobility leads to reduction in bone mass
* More building than breakdown, bones —–
* Weight-bearing exercise causes osteoblasts to
build bone

A

weak
strengthen

46
Q

The bone matrix acts
as a storage reservoir for Calcium

A

Serum Calcium Homeostasis

47
Q

when Calcium is removed from the
bones

A

hypocalcemia

48
Q

Stimulates the release of calcium
from bones

A

Parathyroid Hormone

49
Q

when Calcium is packed into the bones

A

hypercalcemia

50
Q

stimulates the deposition of calcium into bones

A

Calcitonin

51
Q

the basic unit of The Structure of Compact Bone

A

Osteon

52
Q

—–are Osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae
around a central canal containing blood vessels

A

Osteon

53
Q
  • Perpendicular to the central canal
  • Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
A

Perforating canals

54
Q
A

A&P1 Lecture Exam 2 (3 decks)

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