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A&P1 Lecture Exam 2 > Integumentary System-skin > Flashcards

Integumentary System-skin Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

skin

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2
Q

Two Components of the Cutaneous Membrane

A
  1. Outer epidermis
  2. Inner dermis
    ◦ Hypodermis
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3
Q

the Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)

A

Outer epidermis

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4
Q

-Connective tissues
◦ Hypodermis: Area of loose connective tissue deep to the
dermis (Subcutaneous)

A

inner dermis

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5
Q

Area of loose connective tissue deep to the
dermis (Subcutaneous)

A

Hypodermis

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6
Q

where does Accessory Structures
Originate

A

dermis

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7
Q

Accessory Structures examples

A

-Hair
-Nails
-Multicellular exocrine glands
(sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, eccrine sweatglands, sebaceous gland)

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8
Q

cutaneous plexus

A

artery & vein

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9
Q

Functions of Skin

A

Protection of underlying tissues and organs
◦ Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
◦ Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporative
cooling)
◦ Production of melanin
◦ Production of keratin
◦ Synthesis of vitamin D3
◦ Storage of lipids
◦ Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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10
Q

The most abundant cells;
Contain large amounts of keratin

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

Covers most of body; 4 layers; thin stratum corneum

A

Thin skin
-stratum corneum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

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12
Q

Palms, Soles; 5 layers; thick stratum corneum

A

Thick skin
-stratum corneum
-STRATUM LUCIDUM IS PRESENT
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale

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13
Q

AVASCULAR

A

epidermis

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14
Q

vascular

A

dermis

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15
Q

-Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
-Cells on surface (far from dermis) are dead cells

A

Avascular stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Structures of the Epidermis
The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
◦ From basal lamina to free surface (basal surface to apical
surface)

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (NOT in thin skin!!!!)
  5. Stratum corneum
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17
Q

-Is attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
-Forms epidermal ridges that extend down towards the dermis
(cause fingerprints)
-Has many basal cells or germinative cells

A

Stratum Basale

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18
Q

extend down towards the dermis
(cause fingerprints)

A

epidermal ridges

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19
Q

Dermis forms——that extend up towards the
epidermis

A

Dermal papillae

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20
Q

Increase the SA of basement membrane and strengthen bond between
dermis and epidermis

A

ER and DP

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21
Q

Specialized Cells of Stratum Basale

A

◦ Merkel cells

◦ Melanocytes

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22
Q

◦ Found in hairless skin
◦ Respond to touch (trigger nervous system when compressed)

A

◦ Merkel cells

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23
Q

◦ Contain the pigment melanin
◦ Responsible for brown pigment of skin
◦ Scattered throughout stratum basale with processes into superficial layers

A

◦ Melanocytes

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24
Q

◦ 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
◦ Produced by division of stem cells in stratum basale
◦ Cells continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
◦ Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells active in immune response

A

Stratum Spinosum

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25
Q

-cells active in immune response
-Pathogens that pass superficial layers
-Superficial skin cancers

A

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

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26
Q

◦ 3-5 layers of Keratinocytes derived from stratum
spinosum
◦ Cells stop dividing, start producing
◦ Keratin
◦ Keratohyalin

A

Stratum Granulosum

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27
Q

◦ A tough, fibrous protein that makes up hair, nails, skin
◦ Makes cells water resistant and resistant to abrasion

A

keratin

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28
Q

◦ Dense granules that promote dehydration of cells
◦ Promotes aggregation and cross-linking of keratin fibers

A

Keratohyalin

29
Q

◦ Found only in thick skin
◦ Flat, densely packed cells filled with keratin

A

◦Stratum Lucidum

30
Q

◦ Exposed surface of skin
◦ 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
◦ Tightly packed, Water resistant, connected by desmosomes (peels in sheets)
◦ Shed and replaced every 2 weeks

A

Stratum Corneum

31
Q

◦ The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with
keratin
◦ Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
◦ Skin life cycle from stem cell division to death
◦ It takes 15–30 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to
stratum corneum

A

Keratinization

32
Q

Perspiration
2 kinds

A

◦ Insensible perspiration

◦ Sensible perspiration

33
Q

◦ Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum (500 mL/day)
◦ Damage to epidermis may greatly increase amount (burns, blisters)
◦ Osmosis affects flow thru stratum corneum: in hypotonic fresh water, water flows
into epidermis causing swelling (Prune fingers)

A

◦ Insensible perspiration

34
Q

Osmosis affects flow thru stratum corneum: in hypotonic fresh water, water flows
into epidermis causing swelling or———

A

Prune fingers

34
Q

◦ Water excreted by sweat glands

A

◦ Sensible perspiration

35
Q

is influenced by pigments (Carotene and Melanin) and by blood
circulation

A

Skin color

36
Q
  • Orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables
  • Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis
  • Can be converted to vitamin A
A

Carotene

37
Q
  • Yellow-brown or black pigment produced by melanocytes in stratum basal
  • Stored in transport vesicles (melanosomes)
  • Transferred to keratinocytes
A

Melanin

38
Q

Melanin is produced by ??? in stratum basal

A

melanocytes

39
Q

transport vesicles

A

(melanosomes)

40
Q

Function of Melanocytes

A
  • Produce the melanin that protects skin/ tissues from sun damage
  • Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to
    cancer and wrinkles
  • Skin darkens with an increase in melanin production, not number of
    melanocytes
  • Albino individuals have normal distribution of melanocytes, they however
    donot produce any melanin
  • In dark skinned people melanocytes release melanosomes more
    superficially
41
Q

is a pigment found in RBC

A
  • Hemoglobin
42
Q
  • When oxygen is bound to hemoglobin it is
A

bright red

43
Q
  • When hot, superficial blood vessels will??
A

When hot, superficial blood vessels dilate, skin reddens

44
Q

Blood flow decreases skin will?

A
  • Blood flow decreases, skin pales
45
Q
  • Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation
  • Bluish skin tint
  • First seen in lips, under nails
A

Cyanosis

46
Q
  • Epidermal cells produces?
A

cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

47
Q
  • Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
  • In the presence of UV radiation
  • Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into calcitriol
  • Aides in absorption of calcium and phosphorus
  • Insufficient vitamin D3
  • Can cause rickets
A

Vitamin D3

48
Q

Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into

A

calcitriol
* Aides in absorption of calcium and phosphorus

49
Q
  • Aides in absorption of calcium and phosphorus
A

calcitriol

50
Q
  • Insufficient vitamin D3
    Can cause
A

rickets

51
Q
  • Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
  • Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)
A

The Dermis

52
Q
  • Two components of the dermis
A
  1. Outer papillary layer
  2. Deep reticular layer
53
Q
  • Consists of areolar connective tissue
  • Contains small capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons
  • Has dermal papillae projecting up between epidermal ridges
A

The Papillary Layer

54
Q
  • Increases surface area; strengthens bond
A

dermal papillae

55
Q
  • Responsible for fingerprints
A

epidermal ridges

56
Q
  • Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
  • Contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
  • Contains collagen and elastic fiber
A

The Reticular Layer

57
Q

form meshwork to strengthen tissues that are stressed from many different angles

A

fibers

58
Q

Nerve fibers in skin control:

A
  • Blood flow
  • Gland secretions
  • Sensory receptors provide information to nervous system
59
Q

Sensory receptors provide information to nervous system

A
  • Light touch—tactile corpuscles (Meissner’s corpuscles), located in
    dermal papillae
  • Deep pressure and vibration—lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian
    corpuscles), in the reticular laye
60
Q

—tactile corpuscles (Meissner’s corpuscles), located in
dermal papillae

A

light touch

61
Q

—lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian
corpuscles), in the reticular layer

A

Deep pressure and vibration

62
Q

tactile corpuscles also called & located in

A

Meissner’s corpuscles located in
dermal papillae

63
Q

lamellated corpuscles also called & located in

A

Pacinian
corpuscles, in the reticular layer

64
Q

lies below the integument
* Made of connective tissue and adipose tissues
* Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
* Allows separate movement of skin
* The site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles

A
  • The Hypodermis or Subcutaneous layer
65
Q
  • The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer) is Made of connective tissue and adipose tissues for what functions
A
  • Insulation
  • Energy reserve
  • Shock absorber and stabilizer
66
Q
  • The site of subcutaneous injections using
A

hypodermic needles

67
Q
  • Integumentary accessory structures
  • Derived from embryonic epidermis
  • Located in dermis
  • Project through the skin surface
A

Hair, Hair Follicles, Sebaceous Glands, Sweat
Glands, and Nails

A&P1 Lecture Exam 2 (3 decks)

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