Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Bone function

A
  • support
  • protection
    movement
  • mineral reservoir
  • calcium, phosphate, magnesium
  • blood calcium homeostasis
  • hematopoiesis
  • myeloid tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • osteoblast
A
  • originate from osteogenic stem cells * secrete osteoid * active during bone mineralization
    bone-forming cell,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

osteocyte

A

manufacture type I collagen
mature bone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

osteoclast

A

originate from fusion of several precursor cells
* active during bone resorption
resorb or break down bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osteogenesis

A
  • the process by which calcification occurs from combined osteoblastic and
    osteoclastic activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bone formation
Intramembranous ossification

A

bone formation from a fibrous membrane model
babys soft spot itll get harder
* osteogenic stem cells differentiate to osteoblasts
* secrete ground substance
* collagen fibers embed in matrix
* calcium salts deposit in this framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone formation
* endochondral ossification

A

bone formation from a cartilage model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bone growth and resorption

A
  • remodeling is a life-long process
  • opposing processes act in concert at different rates depending upon our
    stage of life
  • adaptive
  • pathological
    start with hemopoietic bone cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bone repair

A

initiated by blood vessel damage
* developing fracture hematoma recruit cells for bone repair
fibrocartilaginous callus forms then a body callus forms
and “splints” the ends
* bone is remodeled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

acquired bone disorders

A
  • fractures
  • rickets
  • bone tumors
  • abnormal curvature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rickets

A
  • a bone disease of children
  • insufficiency or inefficiency of vitamin D
  • developing bones are demineralized
  • “bowed legs”
  • other skeletal deformities
  • bone pain
  • tests
  • calcium, vitamin D, PTH, alkaline phosphatase
  • treatment
  • diet, bracing, surgical correction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

bone tumor
a malignant primary neoplasm of bone
* arises in the metaphysis
* highest incidence in adolescents
* variable gross appearance
* osteolytic
* osteoblastic
* diagnosed using bone scan, biopsy
* treatment
* surgical removal
* chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classifications of Joints
STRUCTURAL

A

**fibrous
located between facial bones and between the bones in the adult skull.
- syndesmoses -two long bones connected by inter-osseous ligament
-sutures -adjacent flat bones interlocked by fibrous
tissue, which is ossified in later life- baby head soft spot
-gomphoses -Fibrous tissue between tooth root and mandible

  • cartilaginous
    - synchondroses-articulating bones joined by HYALINE cartilage -1st rib, epipyseal plate in children
    - symphyses-articulating bones joined by FIBROCARTILAGE- symphysis pubis and vertebral disks
  • synovial (uni-, bi and multi-axial joints)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classifications of Joints FUNCTIONAL

A
  • synarthroses (immoveable)
  • amphiarthroses (limited movement)
  • diarthroses (freely moveable)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HYALINE

A

slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints.
AT THE END OF BONE JOINT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fibrocartilage

A

tough, very strong tissue found predominantly in the intervertebral disks and at the insertions of ligaments and tendo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Synovial Joints

A

cover by a Joint Capsule made with Synovial Membrane + fibrous capsule = articular capsule

  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint cavity
  • Menisci (articular disks)
  • Ligaments
  • Bursae

most moveable joint in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of Synovial Joints
Uniaxial:

A

movement on one axis and in one plane
* Hinge joints - elbow
* Pivot joints - wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of Synovial Joints
Biaxial:

A

movement around two perpendicular axes in two
perpendicular planes
* Saddle joints -thumb
* Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints - wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of Synovial Joints
Multiaxial:

A

movement around three or more axes and in three
or more planes
* Ball and Socket joints
* Gliding joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Angular

A

Flexion or Extension or Hyperextension
* Flexion decreases the angle between bones
* Extension increases the angle between bones
* Hyperextension stretches an extended part beyond the anatomical position
* Plantar Flexion: Foot stretched down and back (extension)
* Dorsiflexion: Foot stretched upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Abduction or Adduction

A

part moved away from median = abduction
* part moved toward median = adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Circular

A

Rotation or Circumduction
* Bone pivots on own axis = Rotation
* Distal part of bone moves in a circle = Circumduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Supination or Pronation

A

Palm of hand faces up = Supination
* Palm of hand facing down = Pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gliding

A

one bone slides over another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Special Movements

A
  • Inversion: Sole of foot inward
  • Eversion: Sole of foot outward
  • Protraction: part moves forward = protraction
  • Retraction: part moves back = retraction
  • Elevation: joint moves up
  • Depression: joint moves down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Thinning and degradation of articular cartilage
* Wear & tear
degenerative joint disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A
  • autoimmune: deposits of antigen-antibody complexes in synovial membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Gouty arthritis

A
  • High blood levels of uric acid
  • Deposits as sodium urate crystals in synovial joints
  • Causes inflammation
    forms tophi
    eat less beer and meat
30
Q
  • Bursitis
A
  • Inflammation of the bursa
31
Q
  • Dislocations
A

Traumatic injuries
* Articular surfaces of bones no longer is proper contact

32
Q

Sprain

A
  • Traumatic injury to ligaments surrounding joint
33
Q

calcium regulation in the body

A

Blood calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced by the parathyroid glands. PTH is released in response to low blood calcium levels. It increases calcium levels by targeting the skeleton, the kidneys, and the intestine
Thyroid releases calcitonin to stimulate ca deposit in skeletal, reduces in intestines’ and kidneys

34
Q

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions

A

axial skeleton -head, neck, back and chest, paranasal sinuses
and appendicular skeleton- everything else bones in your shoulders, pelvis and limbs, including your arms, hands, legs and feet.

35
Q

synarthrosis

A

joint in which no significant movement occurs
The joints between cranial bones are synarthroses, commonly called sutures (

36
Q

Structure of long bones

A
  1. Diaphysis, or shaft— hollow tube of hard compact bone
  2. Medullary cavity— hollow space inside the diaphysis that contains yellow marrow
  3. Epiphyses— ends of the bones made of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow
  4. Articular cartilage— thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers each epiphysis; provides a smooth cushion
  5. Periosteum— strong, fibrous membrane covering bone everywhere except at joint surfaces surrounds the diaphysis
  6. Endosteum— thin membrane that lines medullary cavity
37
Q

Structure of flat bones

A
  1. Spongy bone layer sandwiched between two compact bone layers
    sternum, ribs and cranial bones
38
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

cartilage models gradually replaced by calcified bone
common in long bones some bones hae 2 ossification centers

39
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

fibrous membranes are ossified into hard bone plates; fontanels are soft, not-yet-ossified regions
bone is a connective tissue so it is made up of living cells and a non living matrix
collagen gives bones their flexibility

40
Q

Atlas and axis

A

first two cervical vertebrae form a unique
pivoting structure

41
Q

Age differences

A
  1. Bones enlarge and become more ossified until maturity at age 25
  2. Bones actively remodel (dissolve and rebuild) in middle
    adulthood
  3. Bones become less dense during elderly years
42
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Characterized by loss of calcified bone matrix

stop smoking and drinking
caused by no calcium and Vit D in diet

eat lots of greens and salmon to maintain bone health

bone health - weight lifting
increase bone density by walking
Regular exercise is recommended to help prevent osteoporosis.
Estrogen helps protect against osteoporosis.

43
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

joint in which only slight movement is possible
the joint between the two pubic bones

44
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

45
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells

in children in happens in long bone that has red bone marrow in adults this changes to yellow bone marrow
the only place adults have red bone marrow is skull, ribs vertebra and pelvis

46
Q

Four major types, according to overall shape of the bone

A
  1. Long— example: humerus (arm)
  2. Short— example: carpals (wrist)
  3. Flat— example: frontal (skull)
  4. Irregular— example: vertebrae (spinal bones)
  5. Some also recognize a sesamoid (round) bone category— example: patella (kneecap
47
Q

While preparing patients for a bone scan

A

let them know radioactive dyes will be injected before the bone scan
used to diagnose bone infections

48
Q

Fontanelles are

A

tough membranes that have not yet ossified
allow the infant’s skull to be moldable

allow the infant’s skull to be moldable to help the head pass through the birth canal more easily during childbirth.

49
Q

What lines the holes of spongy bones

A

Endosteum
cancellous, or spongy, bone.

50
Q

Paget’s disease

A

bones become enlarged, deformed, and weak
treated by surgical remodeling of bones

51
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

causes fragile bones from birth
Braces help prevent bone deformities in people who have osteogenesis imperfecta.

52
Q

foramen magnum

A

large opening at the base of the occipital bone

53
Q

temporal bone

A

Lower sides of the skull are formed by the temporal bones.

external meatus runs through the temporal bone

54
Q

Parietal bones

A

top and sides of the skull

55
Q

zygomatic bones

A

prominence of the cheeks.

56
Q

ethmoid bone

A

forms floor of the cranium

located between the sphenoid bone and the nasal bones.

57
Q

Ulna

A

medial bone of the forearm

58
Q

Metacarpals

A

form the palm of the hand.

59
Q

clavicle

A

sternum and scapula.

60
Q

Scapula

A

thin, flat bone that is commonly called the shoulder blade

humerus joins with the scapula and the bones of the forearm.

61
Q

Calcaneus

A

heel bone, is the largest tarsal bone

Metatarsals form the front of the foot. there are 5 in each foot
The bones of the toes are phalanges

62
Q

Ligaments

A

hold bones together
cord like

63
Q

hyoid bone

A

which anchors the tongue, part of the axial skeleton which has 80 bones

total bones in the body 206

64
Q

Osteons

A

fundamental units of compact bone

65
Q

Canaliculi

A

small canals that run perpendicular to the central canal.

66
Q

Another name for osteogenesis is

A

ossification

67
Q

part of the orbit

A

. Maxilla
Sphenoid
Frontal

68
Q

pelvic girdle

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone

69
Q

Bone density can be increased by

A

brisk walking.

70
Q
A

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions