Respiratory Flashcards
What are two basic functions of respiratory
system? and what gases are exchanged
how much does an adult hold
- Air distribution
- Gas exchange
O2 and CO2
adult lungs can hold 5L one breath is 500ml
when deep breathing you can inhale 3L and 1L for an expiratory reserve an extra 1 L as residual volume to prevent the lungs from collapsing. Breathing controlled by sensory nerves that run to brain receptors to tell brain how much air, if theres tension in muscles etc. and motor nerves that run from diaphragm and intercostal or between the ribs
organs of the upper and lower res tract
U-Nose, pharynx, larynx
L-Trachea, bronchi, lungs
Upper Respiratory
Tract Infections (URI)
Upper Respiratory Infection
Sinusitis & Nasal Polyps
Adenoid Hypertrophy & Tonsillitis
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis (croup)
Epiglottitis
Otitis Media
Choking
Occur several times a year
have a tendency to spread
upper resp mucosa is continous with mucous lining of sinuses, eustachian tube and middle ear, lower resp tract
-a common cold can become sinusitis or otitis media
Sinusitis
upper resp infection
: Inflammation of nasal mucosa that lines sinuses
Symptoms: Headache, pressure, pain
Nasal Polyps
painless, noncancerous tissue growths from nasal mucosa which can block nasal passage and affect breathing
what are polyps: - tissue growths linked to asthma- can run in families. if its small its not a problem but may need surgery if it blocks breathing
Tonsils & Adenoids
upper resp infection
-lymphoid tissue in mucous membrane of pharynx
-lingual tonsils and palatine tonsils in oropharynx; pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx (called adenoids when swollen)
Immune function:
defends major entrance to body from
foreign invaders: germs we breathe and eat
Adenoid Hypertrophy & its relation to Tonsillitis
upper resp infection
-lymph glands growing during acute infection to fight infectious agents: may lead to nasal obstruction and middle ear effusion
tonsillitis - when one or both tonsils are inflamed
Signs & symptoms: swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on sides of neck
- caused by infection with a common virus or bacteria
- Surgery to remove tonsils, once a common procedure to treat tonsillitis, is usually performed only when bacterial tonsillitis occurs frequently, doesn’t respond to other treatments or causes serious complications.
now the surgeries are delayed because tonsils are valued as lymphoid organs
Rhinitis: Infectious & Allergic
upper resp infection
-comes from word rhino
-▪ inflammation and swelling of nasal mucosa
▪ Symptoms: red, itchy, “runny nose” and partially obstructed breathing - infectious rhinitis
-common cold - rhinovirus or flu
-solved in 7-10 days
Allergic rhinitis or “Hay Fever”: sensitivity-type reactions to nasal irritants and airborne allergens including animal dander and plant pollens
❖Symptoms similar to infectious rhinitis but may become chronic and result in formation of nasal polyps and secondary infections
Pharyngitis
upper resp infection
-sore throat inflammation or infection of pharynx (throat)
Symptoms: Pain, redness, and difficulty in swallowing
➢caused by pathogens like streptococci pyogenes that cause “strep throat”
Laryngitis
upper resp infection
-inflammation of mucosal lining of larynx, accompanied by edema of laryngeal structures
Symptoms: If swelling of vocal cords occurs, hoarseness or loss of voice results
➢ caused by bacteria, viruses, exposure to allergens, or by overuse of voice, smoking
➢In children, can obstruct air flow and result in asphyxiation
Epiglottitis
upper resp infection
- life-threatening condition caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) infection
-always an emergency because the epiglottis swells and blocks airway
-used to happen to young children but HIB vaccine stopped it
Otitis Media
upper resp infection
inflammation of middle ear
It is very common in children
Croup
upper resp infection
-a non–life-threatening type of laryngitis in kids age 3 and younger.
-caused by parainfluenza viruses resulting in bark like cough and labored breathing. Children get symptoms after they go to bed and wake up scared coughing but without a fever
-trachea swells but can extend lower
-can be viral and with cold like symptoms
➢LTB= laryngotracheobronchitis
Choking
upper resp infection
-when something is stuck in the larynx
-five-and-five rescue method: Five blows to back (between scapulae) with heel of hand may be followed by five abdominal thrust maneuvers (Heimlich maneuver, or simply abdominal thrusts)
Dyspnea, Apnea, & CSR
Breathing DISORDERS- look at slide for pics
Eupnea: normal respiratory rate
Dyspnea: labored - hypo ventilating
Orthopnea: reliving dyspnea by sitting upright
Apnea:-when breathing stops for a bit
Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR): cycles of alternating apnea and hyperventilation
Respiratory arrest- breathing does not restart afte apnea
SIDS/SUDI
Breathing DISORDERS
SUDI: Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy
-Sudden infant death syndrome - frequently in babies younger than 3
-cause unknown - might be the Pons and Medulla that control breathing
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Breathing DISORDERS
-affects premature infants less 37 weeks
-lack of surfactant in alveolar air sacs
-Surfactant reduces surface tension of water fluid on surface of alveolar walls and allowing easy movement of air in and out of lungs
* allows alveolar sacs to stay open
* If there is a lack of surfactant alveoli collapse easily and are difficult to re-open
* body is only able to make this shortly before birth (normally about 40 weeks after conception)
Adult Respiratory
Distress Syndrome
Breathing DISORDERS
-impairment or removal of surfactant in alveoli by smoking, chemical inhalation
-edema of lungs can impair surfactant and the lungs ability to stretch
Endotracheal Intubation
& Tracheostomy
- Intubation - a tube put in mouth through pharynx, larynx and into the trachea to ensure open airway
Tracheostomy -cutting an opening into trachea to improve ventilation of lungs
Pleurisy
Lower respiratory tract disorders
-: inflammation of parietal pleura, difficulty breathing and stabbing pain
-breathing restriction is caused by the visceral and parietal pleurae rubbing up on each other during breathing
-can be caused by tumors and infections -pneumonia and tuberculosis
Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis
& Pneumoconiosis
Atelectasis-when the lung doesnt completely expand or collapse - breathing is hard
Bronchiectasis - permanent enlargement of airways in lungs causing mucus, shortness of breath, coughing up blood. You get lots of lung infections -pneumonia and tuberculosis
Pneumoconiosis- occupational lung disease -restrictive lung disease - inhalation of dust like from working in mines
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax: Air in pleural space that can happen in two ways - lung collapse
1-rupturing of visceral pleura and the air from lungs comes rushing out
2-when outside air rushes into chest through an open wound
If blood accumulates in pleural space,
condition is called hemothorax
Acute Bronchitis
-inflammation of bronchi when the trachea is involved its called tracheo-bronchitis. Starts with upper resp infection like a cough that moves downwards into a cough with sputum -mucus and pus
Pneumonia and the types o
acute inflammation of lungs: alveoli and bronchi become plugged with thick fluid (exudate)
Streptococcus pneumoniae - most likely thing to cause
-high fever, chills cough, chest pain
Lobar pneumonia: affects an entire lobe of lung
Bronchopneumonia: patches of infection in portions of bronchial tree
Aspiration pneumonia: lung infections caused by inhalation of vomit or other infective material e.g. acute alcohol intoxication and as a result of anesthesia
