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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Bones

A

Support the body;
Protect soft organs;
Attach skeletal muscles and allow movement;
Store minerals and fats;
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

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2
Q

Parts of the Skeletal system

A

Bones, Joints, Cartilages, Ligaments

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3
Q

How many bones does an adult skeleton have

A

206 bones

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4
Q

Two types of osseus (bone) tissue

A

Compact bone and Spongy bone

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5
Q

Type of bone that is dense, smooth, and homogenous

A

Compact bone

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6
Q

Type of bone that is small, needle-like pieces of bone.
Has man open spaces

A

Spongy bone

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7
Q

Bones are classified according to

A

shape

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8
Q

Four classification of bones

A

Long, Flat, Short, Irregular

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9
Q

Longer than they are wide;
Bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, knee caps)
E.g. Femur and Humerus

A

Long bones

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10
Q

Thin, flattened, and usually curved;
Two thin layers of compact bone, sandwich a layer of spongy bone

A

Flat bones

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11
Q

Most bones of the skull
Ribs
Sternum

A

Flat bones

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12
Q

Generally cube shaped;
Mostly spongy bone with outer layer of compact bone

A

Short bones

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13
Q

Type of sort bone that form within tendons

A

Sesamoid bones

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14
Q

Wrist bones

A

Carpal

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15
Q

Ankle bones

A

Tarsal

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16
Q

Do not fit into the other classifications of bone;
E.g. Vertebrae and Hip bones

A

Irregular bones

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17
Q

Makes up most of the bone’s length;
Composed of compact bone

A

Diaphysis (Shaft)

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18
Q

Outside covering of the diaphysis;
Fibrous connective tissues membrane

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

Secure the periosteum to the underlying bone.

A

Perforating (Sharpey’s) Fibers

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20
Q

Composed of mostly spongy bone enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone.

A

Epiphysis (Ends)

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21
Q

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses;
Made of hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage

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22
Q

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate;
Seen in adult bones

A

Epiphyseal line

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23
Q

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage;
Causes the lengthwise growing of a long bone;
Present in young and growing bones

A

Epiphyseal plate

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24
Q

Lines the inner surface of the shaft;
Made of connective tissue

A

Endosteum

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25
Q

Cavity inside of the shaft;
Contain yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults;
Contains red marrow for hematopoiesis in infants until age 6 or 7

A

Medullary Cavity

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26
Q

Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments;
Passages for nerves and blood vessels;

A

Bone markings

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27
Q

Categories of Bone markings

A

Projection or Processes and Depressions or Cavities

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28
Q

Composed of trabeculae;
Composed of open spaces

A

Spongy bone

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29
Q

Rough, rope-like protein

A

Collagen

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30
Q

Large molecule with many polysaccharides

A

Proteoglycans

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31
Q

Contains collagen and polysaccharides

A

ECM of Cartilage

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32
Q

Bone marking that grow out from the bone surface; Often begin with “T”

A

Projection or Processes

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33
Q

Bone marking, Indentiona; Often begin with “F”

A

Depression or Cavities

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34
Q

Bone marking: projection; Large, rounded and may be roughened

A

Tuberosity

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35
Q

Bone marking: projection; Narrow ridge of bone and usually prominent

A

Crest

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36
Q

Bone marking: projection; very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

A

Trochanter

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37
Q

Bone marking: projection; Narrow ridge, less prominent

A

Line

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38
Q

Bone marking: projection; Small, rounded projection

A

Tubercle

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39
Q

Bone marking: projection; Raised area on or above condyle

A

Epicondyle

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40
Q

Bone marking: projection; Sharp, slender and pointed projection

A

Spine

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41
Q

Bone marking: projection; Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

Head

42
Q

Bone marking: projection; Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

A

Facet

43
Q

Bone marking: projection; Rounded articular projection

A

Condyle

44
Q

Bone marking: projection; Armlike bar of bone

A

Ramus

45
Q

Furrow

A

Groove

46
Q

Narrow, slit-like opening

A

Fissure

47
Q

Round or oval opening through a bone

A

Foramen

48
Q

Indention at the of a structure

A

Notch

49
Q

Canal or tunnel-like passageway

A

Meatus

50
Q

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

A

Sinus

51
Q

Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone serving as an articular surface

A

Fossa

52
Q

Small needle-like pieces of bone

A

Trabeculae

53
Q

Filled with marrow, blood vessels, and nerves

A

Open spaces in spongy bone

54
Q

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix strings; Harvesian System

A

Osteon

55
Q

Structural and functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

56
Q

Opening in the center of osteon; Runs lengthwise through bones

A

Central (Harvesian) Canal

57
Q

Tiny canals; Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

A

Canaliculi

58
Q

Canal perpendicular to the central canal

A

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canal

59
Q

Structures of Osteon

A

Osteocytes, Lacunae Lamellae

60
Q

Mature bone cells in the bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

61
Q

Cavities in the bone matrix that house osteocytes

A

Lacunae

62
Q

Concentric circles of lacunae; Situated around the central canal

A

Lamellae

63
Q

The process of bone formation

A

Ossification

64
Q

Where does ossification occurs

A

Hyaline cartilage models and Fibrous membranes

65
Q

Ossification that occurs in Hyaline cartilage models

A

Endochondral Ossification

66
Q

Ossification that occurs in fibrous membranes

A

Intramembranous ossification

67
Q

Ossification; growing cartilage is replaced by bone; Used by long bones

A

Endochondral ossification

68
Q

Bones grow in width

A

Appositional Growth

69
Q

Bones are remodeled throughout life in response to..

A

Calcium ion level and Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

70
Q

In hypocalcemia, this is released when calcium ion levels in the blood are low

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

71
Q

Activates osteoclasts

A

Hypocalcemia

72
Q

Break down bone and release calcium ions into the blood; Bone destroying cells

A

Osteoclasts

73
Q

Prompts calcium storage to bones by osteoblasts

A

Hypercalcemia

74
Q

Connective tissue found during embryonic development

A

Mesenchyme

75
Q

Break in a bone

A

Bone fractures

76
Q

Types of bone fracture

A

Closed (simple) and Open (compound)

77
Q

Bone fracture that does not penetrate the skin

A

Closed (simple)

78
Q

Bone fracture that penetrated the skin

A

Open (compound)

79
Q

Treatment of bone fractures

A

Closed reduction and Open reduction

80
Q

Treatment where bones are manually coaxed into position by physician’s hands

A

Closed reduction

81
Q

Treatment where bones are secured with pins or wired during surgery

A

Open reduction

82
Q

Healing time of open reduction

A

6-8 weeks

83
Q

Occurs in response to mechanical stress

A

Bone remodeling

84
Q

Bone breaks into fragments; Common in older peple

A

Comminuted

85
Q

Crushed bones; Common in porous bones

A

Compression

86
Q

Portion of broken bone is pressed inward; Typical in skull fractures

A

Depressed

87
Q

The ends of broken bones are force into each other

A

Impacted

88
Q

Ragged breaks; Excessive twisting; Common sport fracture

A

Spiral

89
Q

Bone breaks incompletely; Common in children

A

Greenstick

90
Q

The first long bones of a fetus

A

Hyaline cartilage

91
Q

Earliest flat bones of the fetal skull

A

Fibrous membranes

92
Q

Soft spot; fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones; Skull compression during birth

A

Fontanels

93
Q

Allows brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy

A

Fontanels

94
Q

Relative to brain growth; Increase in size of the facial skeleton

A

Postnatal growth of the cranium

95
Q

Bone-thinning disease; Increases bone fragility

A

Osteoporosis

96
Q

Vertebral collapse; Dowager’s Hump

A

Kyphosis

97
Q

Aids in the health and normal density of a female skeleton

A

Estrogen

98
Q

Skull consists of __ cranial bones and __ facial bones

A

8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones

99
Q

Bone that forms the forehead; Superior part of the eye’s orbit

A

Frontal bone

100
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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