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Human A&P Chapter 5-9 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions already known

A

-Movement and protection
-Connected to muscles – skeletal muscles
-They are connective tissue – cells far apart with a matrix in between
-Produce all types of blood cells

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2
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

all 3 fibers and calcium (mineral salts)

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3
Q

What are mineral salts used for?

A

-muscle contraction
-nerve impulses

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4
Q

What is included in the anatomy of a long bone?

A

Periosteum, Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Medullary Cavity

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue that covers the outside of the bone (outer layer)

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6
Q

Epiphysis

A

Tips of the long bone – one on each side of bone

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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

Central portion of the long bone

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8
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Found in the Diaphysis (bones are hollow)
Contains yellow marrow → stores fat or known as adipose tissue

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9
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Haversian canals
  • Osteocytes
  • Lacunae
  • Densely packed
  • Makes up the majority of the diaphysis (central portion)
  • Lines the surface of the epiphysis (ends)
  • Circulates Blood → (to deposit calcium in matrix / to remove calcium from matrix)
  • Diaphysis contains Yellow Bone Marrow
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10
Q

Osteocytes

A

bone cells that produce the matrix

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11
Q

Lacunae

A

chambers containing bone cells

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12
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • Made up of a system of bars and plates
  • Strongest type of bone !!
  • Found mainly in the epiphysis
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13
Q

What does Epiphysis bone contain?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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14
Q

What is included in the Epiphysis?

A
  • Skul
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Vertebrae
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15
Q

What type of blood produces the most blood cells?

A

Epiphysis

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16
Q

Do all types of bones produce blood cells?

A

YES

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17
Q

What type of bone produces less blood cells?

A

Long Bone

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18
Q

Prenatal

A

Most bones start as a cartilage model

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19
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Conversion by deposition of mineral salts/calcium (ex: long bones)

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20
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Development without the deposit of calcium (ex. bones in the face)

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21
Q

Where does a growth plate develop?

A

Center of a long bone

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22
Q

Where does ossification begin?

A

Center of a long bone?

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23
Q

How long does it take for the growth plate to reach the ends of the Epiphysis

A

20 years

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24
Q

What happens once the growth plate reaches the end of the Epiphysis?

A

Growth of the bones stop

25
Q

What happens if you damage the growth plate before it reaches the end of the epiphysis?

A

Growth stops

26
Q

What are examples of damage?

A

Weight bearing exercises, jumping

27
Q

Is bone a living tissue?

28
Q

Are bones being constantly replaced throughout life?

29
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down and release calcium into the bloodstream

30
Q

Osteoblasts

A

They remove calcium from the bloodstream and deposit it back into the matrix of the bone and repairs the damage done by the osteoclasts

31
Q

Osteocytes

A

They are osteoblasts that have been trapped in the bone matrix, but once trapped that they still continue to function correctly

32
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there and where are they located?

A

7, found in the neck (allows you to pivot your skull)

33
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there and where are they located?

A

12, found in upper torso and they have ribs attached to it

34
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there and where are they located?

A

5, found in lower back

35
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there and where are they located?

A

5, found in the makeup of parts of the hip

36
Q

How many coccyx vertebrae are there and where are they located?

A

1, found in the tailbone

37
Q

Discs

A

Pads of tissue that separate the vertebrae

38
Q

Does the spinal cord run on the outside or inside of the vertebrae?

39
Q

True Ribs

A

Attach directly to the sternum

40
Q

False Ribs

A

Attach indirectly to the sternum

41
Q

Floating Ribs

A

DO NOT attach to the sternum

42
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs

43
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Everything that attaches to the axial skeleton (limbs)

44
Q

Simple Fracture

A

Breaks into 2

45
Q

Compound Fracture

A

Tip of bones comes through the skin

46
Q

Partial Fracture

A

Bone is broken lengthwise but not separated in 2

47
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Bone splinters but does not break
- common in pre children

48
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Broken in several places and shattered
- jumping accidents

49
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Twisted backwards

50
Q

Hematoma

A

bruising and bleeding in area where bone broke

51
Q

Fibrocartilage Callus

A

within hours cartilage develops between the two broken ends

52
Q

Bony Callus

A

slowly cartilage is replaced by bony material

53
Q

Remodeling

A

remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure like the original

54
Q

Joint

A

Where 2 or more bones come together

55
Q

Fixed/Immovable Joint

A
  • Ends of bones do Not move and become fused together
  • Referred to as suture joint (resembles stitches)
  • Commonly found in skull / Vertebral column on lower end / Sternum
56
Q

Freely Moveable Joint

A
  • Can move freely in at least one plane of motion
  • Up and down, left and right, circular
  • EX: elbows, knees, hips, fingers, toes
57
Q

Synovial Joint

A

each end of bones is covered in cartilage and surrounded by connective tissue – this creates a watertight capsule (synovial capsule)

58
Q

Synovial Capsule

A
  • The capsule contains synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant – allowing the two ends of the bones to slide past each other creating only Minimal damage
  • The fluid is continuously replaced throughout life
  • Some types of injuries cause an overproduction of synovial fluid
59
Q

Slightly Moveable Joint

A
  • Joints that have a small degree of movement
  • Separated by pads made of connective tissue

Human A&P Chapter 5-9 (5 decks)

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