Skeletal System Flashcards
Functions already known
-Movement and protection
-Connected to muscles – skeletal muscles
-They are connective tissue – cells far apart with a matrix in between
-Produce all types of blood cells
What does the matrix contain?
all 3 fibers and calcium (mineral salts)
What are mineral salts used for?
-muscle contraction
-nerve impulses
What is included in the anatomy of a long bone?
Periosteum, Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Medullary Cavity
Periosteum
Fibrous connective tissue that covers the outside of the bone (outer layer)
Epiphysis
Tips of the long bone – one on each side of bone
Diaphysis
Central portion of the long bone
Medullary Cavity
Found in the Diaphysis (bones are hollow)
Contains yellow marrow → stores fat or known as adipose tissue
Compact Bone
- Haversian canals
- Osteocytes
- Lacunae
- Densely packed
- Makes up the majority of the diaphysis (central portion)
- Lines the surface of the epiphysis (ends)
- Circulates Blood → (to deposit calcium in matrix / to remove calcium from matrix)
- Diaphysis contains Yellow Bone Marrow
Osteocytes
bone cells that produce the matrix
Lacunae
chambers containing bone cells
Spongy Bone
- Made up of a system of bars and plates
- Strongest type of bone !!
- Found mainly in the epiphysis
What does Epiphysis bone contain?
Red Bone Marrow
What is included in the Epiphysis?
- Skul
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Vertebrae
What type of blood produces the most blood cells?
Epiphysis
Do all types of bones produce blood cells?
YES
What type of bone produces less blood cells?
Long Bone
Prenatal
Most bones start as a cartilage model
Endochondral Ossification
Conversion by deposition of mineral salts/calcium (ex: long bones)
Intramembranous Ossification
Development without the deposit of calcium (ex. bones in the face)
Where does a growth plate develop?
Center of a long bone
Where does ossification begin?
Center of a long bone?
How long does it take for the growth plate to reach the ends of the Epiphysis
20 years
What happens once the growth plate reaches the end of the Epiphysis?
Growth of the bones stop
What happens if you damage the growth plate before it reaches the end of the epiphysis?
Growth stops
What are examples of damage?
Weight bearing exercises, jumping
Is bone a living tissue?
YES
Are bones being constantly replaced throughout life?
YES
Osteoclasts
Cells that break down and release calcium into the bloodstream
Osteoblasts
They remove calcium from the bloodstream and deposit it back into the matrix of the bone and repairs the damage done by the osteoclasts
Osteocytes
They are osteoblasts that have been trapped in the bone matrix, but once trapped that they still continue to function correctly
How many cervical vertebrae are there and where are they located?
7, found in the neck (allows you to pivot your skull)
How many thoracic vertebrae are there and where are they located?
12, found in upper torso and they have ribs attached to it
How many lumbar vertebrae are there and where are they located?
5, found in lower back
How many sacral vertebrae are there and where are they located?
5, found in the makeup of parts of the hip
How many coccyx vertebrae are there and where are they located?
1, found in the tailbone
Discs
Pads of tissue that separate the vertebrae
Does the spinal cord run on the outside or inside of the vertebrae?
OUTSIDE
True Ribs
Attach directly to the sternum
False Ribs
Attach indirectly to the sternum
Floating Ribs
DO NOT attach to the sternum
Axial Skeleton
Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Everything that attaches to the axial skeleton (limbs)
Simple Fracture
Breaks into 2
Compound Fracture
Tip of bones comes through the skin
Partial Fracture
Bone is broken lengthwise but not separated in 2
Greenstick Fracture
Bone splinters but does not break
- common in pre children
Comminuted Fracture
Broken in several places and shattered
- jumping accidents
Spiral Fracture
Twisted backwards
Hematoma
bruising and bleeding in area where bone broke
Fibrocartilage Callus
within hours cartilage develops between the two broken ends
Bony Callus
slowly cartilage is replaced by bony material
Remodeling
remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure like the original
Joint
Where 2 or more bones come together
Fixed/Immovable Joint
- Ends of bones do Not move and become fused together
- Referred to as suture joint (resembles stitches)
- Commonly found in skull / Vertebral column on lower end / Sternum
Freely Moveable Joint
- Can move freely in at least one plane of motion
- Up and down, left and right, circular
- EX: elbows, knees, hips, fingers, toes
Synovial Joint
each end of bones is covered in cartilage and surrounded by connective tissue – this creates a watertight capsule (synovial capsule)
Synovial Capsule
- The capsule contains synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant – allowing the two ends of the bones to slide past each other creating only Minimal damage
- The fluid is continuously replaced throughout life
- Some types of injuries cause an overproduction of synovial fluid
Slightly Moveable Joint
- Joints that have a small degree of movement
- Separated by pads made of connective tissue
