Integumentary System

Question 1

Do all organs have all 4 types of tissues?

Answer 1

YES

Question 2

What is the structure of the skin?

Answer 2

• 21 sq ft of skin
• loosely attached

Question 3

Epidermis

Answer 3

-Outermost layer
- made up of stratified, squamous epithelial cells
- lacks a direct blood supply
has layers within it

Question 4

Stratum Basale

Answer 4

• Deepest layer of epithelial tissue
• composed of living cells
• cells are produced by mitosis

Question 5

Langerhans Cells

Answer 5

Produced in bone marrow, and migrate to the stratum basale / attacking and destroying (white blood cells) / found in deepest level of epidermis

Question 6

Melanocytes

Answer 6

Produces the protein melanin which is responsible for skin color / sunlight, and UV light stimulates production of melanin

Question 7

Albinism

Answer 7

Genetic defect that causes the production of nonfunctional melanin and leads to a lack of pigmentation in the body

Question 8

Freckles

Answer 8

Clusters of melanocytes, produces dark pigment in small areas and tends to fade with age

Question 9

Stratum Corenum

Answer 9

• Uppermost layer of the epidermis (exposed)
• Dead cells are coated with a protein called keratin which makes them waterproof
• The last thing a living cell does it produce keratin
• Constantly losing dead cells from this layer
• They are replaced by living cells in the stratum basale
• Prevents mechanical damage and the invasion by bacteria

Question 10

Dermis

Answer 10

• Middle layer
• Mainly connective tissue
• Contains the blood supply

Question 11

Subcutaneous

Answer 11

• Made up of Adipose tissue (fatty layer)
• Provides insulation
• Gives cushioning (long term energy)
• Females typically have a thicker layer
• Older people have a thinner layer

Question 12

Hair

Answer 12

• Produced by cells in the epidermis
• Located in the dermis
• Keratin cells produce the hair
• Hair follicle / root / shaft
• Eyelashes last 3-4 months
• Scalp hair lasts 3-4 years
• Hair has a blood supply

Question 13

Nails

Answer 13

• Produced by cells of the epidermis
• Made of keratin

Question 14

Sweat Glands

Answer 14

• 90-40 per cm
• Has the same chemical makeup as urine

Question 15

Apocrine Glands

Answer 15

• Opens into the hair follicles
• May contain sexual attractants
• Discharge is due to stress

Question 16

Endocrine Glands

Answer 16

• Opens into the skin surface
• Excrete water, salt, and urea
• Controls body temp through the release of sweat
• Ex. Earwax

Question 17

Sebaceous Gland

Answer 17

• Found only in hair follicles
• Secrets sebum (keeps hair pliable, good food source for bacteria)
• Blocked glands (produces blackheads, infected glands = pimple)
• Becomes active at puberty
• Decreases as you age
• Every hair has glands attached to it

Question 18

Mammary Glands

Answer 18

• Modified sweat glands
• Produces milk after childbirth
• Stops producing after nursing

Question 19

Protection

Answer 19

1. Physical trauma - elasticity
2. Bacterial infection - compact cells
3. Waterproof - keratin/sebum

Question 20

Synthesis of Vitamin D

Answer 20

• Exposure to UV light
• Regulates calcium, phosphorus in the blood
• Muscle contrations
• Nerve impulses
• Lack of vitamin D may cause Rickets (Bone Deformation)

Question 21

Sensory Reception

Answer 21

• Pain
• Pressure
• Temp
• Itching

Question 22

Regulation of Body Temp

Answer 22

• Subcutaneous Layer
• Sweat Glands
• Blood Flow
• When body temp increases, blood versicles open up in the dermis allowing more blood to the surface, above the subcutaneous layer

Question 23

Hyperthermia

Answer 23

Above normal body temp

Question 24

Heat Exhaustion

Answer 24

100-105 temp
- Headache
- Tired
- Vomiting
- Low BP
- Sweating

Question 25

Heat Stroke

Answer 25

100+ - Dizzy - Confused - Delusions

Question 26

Fever

Answer 26

- Infection - Pyrogens released in the body that goes to the brain - Effects the hypothalamus - White blood cells are more effective

Question 27

Hypothermia

Answer 27

90-95 - Below normal body temp - Shivering - Lack of coordination 80-90 - Slow pulse - Hallucinations - Loss of consciousness - 50% mortality

Question 28

1st degree burn

Answer 28

Redness, pain (epidermis only)

Question 29

2nd degree burn

Answer 29

Redness, pain, blisters (epidermis and dermis)

Question 30

3rd degree burn

Answer 30

Full thickness burns, no pain (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous)

Question 31

Rule of Nines

Answer 31

The front and back of the head and neck equal 9% of the body's surface area. The front and back of each arm and hand equal 9% of the body's surface area

Question 32

Wound Healing

Answer 32

1. Clotting 2. New epidermis grows in the wound 3. New dermis grows under epidermis

Question 33

Skin Cancer

Answer 33

- UV exposure as a child - Moles and sun exposure (shoulders and face) - Fair skinned people should be more cautious - Dark, irregular shaped - Gray skin around the mole - Itching

Question 34

Effects of Aging

Answer 34

- Decrease in elastic tissue of the dermis - Wrinkles - Thinning of the subcutaneous layer - Sagging skin