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Human A&P Chapter 5-9 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

How do hormones travel through the body?

A

The Bloodstream

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2
Q

Peptides

A
  • Protein based hormones
  • Attach to the outside of the cell and activate enzymes on the inside of the cell
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3
Q

Steroids

A
  • Lipid based hormones
  • Production stops if you drop in weight
  • They are inside the cell
  • Activate DNA and stimulate protein production
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4
Q

What speeds up chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Produces hormones which release into the blood and affect distant organs

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6
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Produce chemicals other than hormones that release into hollow body cavities (ex. small intestine)

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7
Q

Where are the glands located in the body?

A

Central part of the brain and they are connected to one another

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8
Q

Hypothalimic

A

Releases hormones causing the Pituitary Gland to release hormones

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9
Q

Hypothalamic

A

Releases inhibiting hormones that cause the Pituitary gland to retain hormones

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10
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A
  • Conserves water
  • Causes kidneys to conserve urine
  • Delays dehydration
  • Kidneys are the target organ
  • They are released continually
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11
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Uterus is the target organ
  • Breast tissue may be affected
  • Could potentially affect other organ systems
  • Causes uterus contractions
  • They occur during childbirth and cause sperm to go deeper into uterus cavity
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12
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)- somatotropin

A
  • Growth
  • Targets all body tissues
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13
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Stimulates the production of milk in the breast tissue

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14
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • Thyroid is the target organ
  • Causes the production and release of hormones
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15
Q

Adrenocorticotropin

A
  • Adrenal Gland is the target organ
  • Production and release of hormones
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16
Q

Gonadotropins

A
  • Gonad Gland is the target organ
  • Production and release of hormones
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17
Q

Giantism

A
  • The overproduction of growth hormones starting at birth
  • Effects both males and females
  • Internal Organs are enlarged
  • Creates stress on the body
  • Shorter than normal lifespans
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18
Q

Dwarfism

A
  • Underproduction of growth hormones
  • Starts at birth
  • Shorter stature
  • Shorter life span
19
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • Overproduction of growth hormones starting near puberty
  • Relatively normal stature
  • Extremities are effected
  • Larger hands, face, feet and may develop brow ridges
20
Q

What age do the production of growth hormones stop in females?

A

30

21
Q

What age do the production of growth hormones stop in males?

A

May stop in your 80s

22
Q

Thyroxine

A

Affects most cells in the body and controls metabolism

23
Q

Calcitonin

A

Affects levels of calcium in the blood

24
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Affects levels of calcium in the blood

25
Q

Goiter

A
  • Enlargement of the thyroid due to a lack of iodine in your diet
  • Most are treated with iodine treatments
26
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Overproduction of thyroxine
  • Higher than normal metabolism
  • Thinner stature
  • Hyperactivity
  • Eyes may bulge
  • Hair loss
  • Not easily treated
27
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Underproduction of thyroxine
  • Larger stature
  • Lower energy levels
  • Easily treated by taking thyroxine in pill form
28
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Adrenaline)
  • Causes stronger skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles contractions
  • Helps you see and hear better
29
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Central core of the gland

30
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • Cortisol
  • Class of hormones that influence metabolism
  • Reduces inflammation
31
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Influences the use of minerals
32
Q

Sex Hormones

A
  • Estrogen and Testosterone
  • Tumors produce an excessive amount of testosterone
  • Characteristic’s of males and females
33
Q

Pancreas

A
  • 2 in 1 gland
  • Located beneath the stomach
  • Contains Endocrine and Exocrine glands
  • Produces enzymes
34
Q

Insulin

A
  • Causes cells to absorb glucose
  • Released into large quantities after a meal
35
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Causes cells to release glucose
  • Maintains levels of glucose in the bloodstream
  • Released constantly
  • Constant rate of 3.2% concentration
36
Q

Diabetes

A

An underproduction of insulin and is treated by supplements

37
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  • Digestive Juice is released into the small intestine NOT the stomach
38
Q

Alkali Solution

A

Production and release of alkali in the small intestine that causes it to not be damaged by acid in the stomach

39
Q

Testes and Ovaries

A

Primary sex organs

40
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Produced by testicles
  • Enhances male secondary characteristics
  • Penis size increase
  • Deeper voice
  • Increased body hair
  • Prevents breast development
  • More muscle mass
41
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone

A
  • Influences female characteristics
  • Breast development
  • Less hair
  • Thicker layer of adipose tissue
  • Regulates ovarian cycle
  • Lighter bone density
  • Light muscle mass
42
Q

Thymus Gland

A
  • Near Trachea but close to the heart
  • Produces thymosin that regulates the development of white blood cells and allows them to mature
  • Largest at birth
  • Begins to decrease as you age
  • May disappear in the elderly
  • ONE gland
43
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • Produces melatonin that regulates sleep cycles
  • Located in the brain
  • Underproduction is treated by supplements
  • Light sensitive

Human A&P Chapter 5-9 (5 decks)

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