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Anatomy & Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

The two groups of skull bones.

A

Facial and cranial.

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2
Q

Bones that surround and protect the brain.

A

Cranial bones.

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3
Q

Bones that are included in the skull, but do not surround the brain.

A

Facial bones.

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4
Q

List the cranial bones.

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, and Ethmoid.

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5
Q

List the facial bones.

A

Maxilla, Mandible, Zygomatic, Nasal, Palatine, Lacrimal, Vomer, Inferior Nasal Conchae.

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6
Q

The proper name for the jaw bone.

A

Mandible

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7
Q

Bones from which teeth grow.

A

Mandible and Maxilla

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8
Q

Bones that make up the hard palate.

A

Maxilla and Palatine

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9
Q

Bones that make up the nose.

A

Nasal, Ethmoid, Inferior Nasal Conchae, Vomer

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10
Q

The proper name for the cheek bones.

A

Zygomatic

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11
Q

Bones named for their location near the glands that form tears.

A

Lacrimal

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12
Q

Bones named for having a spiral shape, like a snail’s shell.

A

Inferior Nasal Conchae (a conch is a large snail).

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13
Q

The proper name for bones of the spine.

A

Vertebrae

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14
Q

Spinal bones in the neck.

A

Cervical Vertebrae

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15
Q

Spinal bones attached to ribs.

A

Thoracic Vertebrae

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16
Q

Spinal bones between the ribs and the hips.

A

Lumbar Vertebrae

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17
Q

Spinal bones within the hips.

A

Sacral Vertebrae

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18
Q

The first cervical vertebra (C1).

A

The Atlas

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19
Q

The C2 vertebra.

A

The Axis

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20
Q

The proper name for the tailbone.

A

Coccyx

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21
Q

The bone at the base of the tongue, which is the only bone not attached to another bone.

A

Hyoid

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22
Q

The bones of the inner ear (as a group).

A

Auditory Ossicles

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23
Q

Name the auditory ossicles in both Latin and English.

A

Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)

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24
Q

The proper name for the collar bones.

A

Clavicles

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25
Q

The proper name for a shoulder blade.

A

Scapula (plural = scapulae)

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26
Q

The proper name for the breastbone.

A

Sternum

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27
Q

The superior part of the sternum that attaches to the clavicles.

A

Manubrium

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28
Q

The main portion of the sternum that attaches to ribs.

A

Body of the sternum.

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29
Q

The inferior tip of the sternum.

A

Xyphoid Process

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30
Q

The proper name for a rib.

A

Costa (plural = costae)

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31
Q

The superior ribs that are attached individually to the sternum.

A

True Costae

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32
Q

Ribs that join together, then attach as a group to the sternum.

A

False Costae

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33
Q

The posterior ribs that do not join the sternum.

A

Floating Costae

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34
Q

The proper name for the upper arm bone.

A

Humerus

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35
Q

The proper names for the forearm bones.

A

Radius & Ulna

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36
Q

Compare the positions of the radius and ulna.

A

The radius is on the thumb side of the hand, the ulna is on the little finger side. (In anatomical position, with the palm facing forward, the radius is lateral, and the ulna is medial).

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37
Q

Describe what happens to the positions of the radius and ulna when the hand is rotated.

A

When the palm is facing forward in anatomical position, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other. When the hand is rotated so that the palm is backward, the radius and ulna cross in an X.

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38
Q

The proper name for the wrist bones.

A

Carpals

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39
Q

The proper name for the hand bones.

A

Metacarpals

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40
Q

The proper name for the finger bones.

A

Manual Phalanges

41
Q

The proper name for the hip bones (as a group).

A

Coxae (singular = coxa)

42
Q

List the bones that make up the coxae.

A

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

43
Q

The most superior hip bones (the ones used when a person puts their hands on their hips).

A

Ilia (singular = ilium)

44
Q

The most inferior and posterior hip bones (the “sit bones).

A

Ischia (singular = ischium)

45
Q

The most inferior and anterior hip bones.

A

Pubic Bones

46
Q

The proper name for the thigh bone.

A

Femur

47
Q

The proper name for the kneecap.

A

Patella

48
Q

The proper name for the bones of the lower leg.

A

Tibia and Fibula

49
Q

The proper name for the shinbone.

A

Tibia

50
Q

Compare the tibia to the fibula.

A

The tibia is a thick bone that makes up the shin. The fibula is a narrow bone lateral to the shin.

51
Q

The proper name for the ankle bones.

A

Tarsals

52
Q

The proper name for the foot bones.

A

Metatarsals

53
Q

The proper name for the toe bones.

A

Pedal Phalanges

54
Q

The proper name for the heel bone.

A

Calcaneus

55
Q

The most superior tarsal bone, which transfers the body’s weight to the foot.

A

Talus

56
Q

The core of the skeleton, including the head, vertebrae, and ribs.

A

Axial Skeleton (it forms the axis of the body).

57
Q

The outgrowths of the skeleton, including both limbs and their girdles (pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle).

A

Appendicular Skeleton (the appendages).

58
Q

A connection between bones.

A

Articulation

59
Q

Body parts with articulations.

A

Joints

60
Q

Any bone that is longer than it is wide.

A

Long Bone

61
Q

Examples of long bones.

A

Humerus, Tibia, Metacarsals, Pedal Phalanges.

62
Q

Any bone whose length and width are approximately equal.

A

Short Bone

63
Q

Examples of short bones.

A

Carpals and tarsals.

64
Q

Bones that are thin, flattened, and often curved.

A

Flat Bone

65
Q

Examples of flat bones.

A

Sternum, Frontal, Costae.

66
Q

Bones with complicated shapes due to various projections and depressions.

A

Irregular Bone

67
Q

Examples of irregular bones.

A

Vertebrae, Mandible, Sphenoid

68
Q

Three purposes for bone markings (projections & depressions).

A

Surfaces where bones articulate, sites of muscle and ligament attachment, and openings for blood vessels and nerves.

69
Q

Five functions of bone.

A

A. Protect delicate internal organs.
B. Provide sites of muscle attachment to allow movement.
C. Storage and release of calcium and other minerals.
D. Form blood cells.
E. Support the body by providing an internal framework.

70
Q

A dense type of bone made of regularly spaced osteons.

A

Compact Bone

71
Q

A porous type of bone made of random-appearing trabeculae.

A

Spongy Bone

72
Q

A connective tissue membrane around the outer surface of a bone.

A

Periosteum

73
Q

A connective tissue membrane lining the inner surface of a hollow bone.

A

Endosteum

74
Q

An opening in the shaft of a long bone lined with endosteum and filled with marrow.

A

Medullary Cavity

75
Q

A fatty material that fills the medullary cavity.

A

Yellow Marrow

76
Q

Small spiky projections of bone found within spongy bone.

A

Trabeculae

77
Q

Material that fills the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone.

A

Red Marrow

78
Q

Function of yellow marrow.

A

Store fat.

79
Q

Function of red marrow.

A

Form blood cells by mitosis.

80
Q

Process where red marrow forms blood cells.

A

Hematopoiesis

81
Q

The shaft of a long bone.

A

Diaphysis

82
Q

The ends of a long bone.

A

Epiphyses (the end closest to the trunk is the proximal epiphysis, the end furthest is the distal epiphysis).

83
Q

The boundary between the epiphysis and the diaphysis – it’s made of cartilage, and is where bones grow longer in children.

A

Epiphyseal Line (2-D viewpoint on the surface of the bone) or Epiphyseal Plate (3-D viewpoint considering the entire structure through the bone)

84
Q

The lining around the end of a bone where it meets another bone.

A

Articular Cartilage (where the bones articulate at a joint).

85
Q

The type of cartilage forming articular cartilage, the epiphyseal plate, and the embryonic bone.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

86
Q

A “bone sandwich” (compact-spongy-compact) found in flat bones which lack a medullary cavity.

A

Diploe

87
Q

The microscopic functional unit of compact bone, it is a cylinder running parallel to the long axis of a bone and it serves to help support the weight of body parts.

A

Osteon, or Haversian System

88
Q

The opening through the central length of an osteon which houses blood vessels and nerves.

A

Osteonic Canal, Central Canal, or Haversian Canal

89
Q

The opening across an osteon which houses blood vessels and nerves.

A

Perforating Canal, or Volkmann’s Canal

90
Q

Thin connective tissue threads holding the periosteum onto the bone.

A

Sharpey’s Fibers, or Perforating Fibers

91
Q

The ring-like microscopic layers of bone surrounding the osteonic canal - they look like tree rings.

A

Lamellae

92
Q

The ring-like microscopic layers of bone found between osteons.

A

Interstitial Lamellae (“interstitial” usually refers to something between tissues).

93
Q

The ring-like microscopic layers of bone found encircling the outer edge of a bone.

A

Circumferential Lamellae
(following the bone’s circumference, right?!)

94
Q

A mature bone cell.

A

Osteocyte (other types of bone cells include osteoblasts that form new bone tissue, osteoclasts that break down bone tissue to release calcium, and osteogenic cells that are immature bone cells).

95
Q

The material between bone cells.

A

Matrix

96
Q

The primary organic constituent of the matrix.

A

Osteoid, including collagen fibers.

97
Q

The primary inorganic constituent of the matrix.

A

Mineral salts, including calcium phosphate.

98
Q

The spaces in the matrix which house osteocytes.

A

Lacunae (singular = lacuna)

99
Q

The thin tubes threading through the matrix to join osteocytes together, which allow bone cells to share nutrients.

A

Canaliculli

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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