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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Main basic components of cartilage

A

•Chondrocytes
•enclosed in Lacunae
•extracellular matrix

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2
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Stretchy, repeated bending
External ear and epiglottis

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3
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Compressible, tensile strength
Menisci of the knee, discs between vertebrae

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4
Q

Two ways cartilage grows

A

Appositional growth, interstitial growth

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5
Q

Appositional growth

A

Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete new matrix

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6
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete, expanding from within

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7
Q

7 functions of bone

A

•support
•protection
•anchorage
•mineral storage
•blood cell formation
•triglyceride (fat) storage
•hormone production

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8
Q

4 types of bones + 1 subtype

A

•long
•short bones
•flat bones
•irregular

+sesamoid

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9
Q

Long bone

A

-all limb bones except patella, wrist, and ankle

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10
Q

Short bones

A

-wrist and ankles

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11
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

-special type of short bone that form on a tendon

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12
Q

Flat bones

A

-sternum, scapula, ribs, most cranial

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13
Q

Irregular bones

A

-vertebra, hip bones

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14
Q

Compact bone

A

The external layer of bone

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15
Q

Spongy bone

A

Internal layer with trabeculae

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16
Q

Trabeculae

A

Honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces within the spongy bone

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17
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of the long bone

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18
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The marrow cavity that holds yellow bone marrow in the center of the shaft

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19
Q

Epiphyses

A

The ends of the long bone. Spongy bone surrounded by compact bone

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20
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

A remnant of the epiphyseal plate (aka growth plate)

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21
Q

Periosteum membrane

A

Covers the surface of the entire bone except the joint surfaces

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22
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane that covers the internal bone surfaces

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23
Q

Nutrient vein/artery

A

Vein/artery that supply the bone with blood and nutrients

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24
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

A hole in the diaphysis where the nutrient artery and vein goes into the bone

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25
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue

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26
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Mostly fat contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone cells

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27
Q

Bone markings

A

Projections, surfaces, depressions

28
Q

Fine major types of bone tissue

A

•Osteoprogenitor cells
•osteoblasts
•osteocytes
•bone lining cells
•osteoclasts

29
Q

Remodeling

A

When cells continuously resorb (break down) and deposit bone

30
Q

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

A

Mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum

31
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build new bone
Enclose themselves then become osteocytes
Stay connected via canaliculi

32
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cell
Monitors and maintains the bone matrix

33
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone-resorbing cell
•live along central canal

34
Q

Osteon

A

Structural unit of compact bone

35
Q

Lamella

A

Matrix tube that creates the rings in the osteon

36
Q

Central canal

A

A canal through the center of the osteon that hold blood vessels and nerve fibers

37
Q

Perforating canals

A

Canals that lie at right angles perpendicular to the central canal

38
Q

Lacunae

A

Spider-shaped osteocytes at the junction of lamellae

39
Q

Canaliculi

A

Hairlike canals that radiate from the lacunae, connecting them together and to the central canal

40
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Incomplete lamellae

41
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Layers of bone matrix that circulate the entire bone

42
Q

Organic components

A

•bone cells and osteoid
•allow the bone to resist tension (stretch)

43
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

•mineral salts
•allow bone to resist compression

44
Q

Osteoid

A

The organic part of the matrix
•include ground substance and collagen fibers

45
Q

Collagen

A

A protein that contributes to the bone’s structure, flexibility, and tensile strength

46
Q

Mineral salts (hydroxyapatites)

A

The mineral calcium phosphorus found in the bone to create hardness in the bone

47
Q

Ossification (osteogenesis)

A

The process of bone tissue formation

48
Q

Early embryo skeleton

A

Consists only of fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage

49
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

A bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage resulting in endochondral bone
•all the bones below the base of the skull, besides the clavicle

50
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

A bone develops from a fibrous membrane resulting in a membranous bone

51
Q

1st step in endochondral ossification

A

Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage
•week 9-month 3

52
Q

2nd step in endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and develops cavities
•week 9-month 3

53
Q

3rd step in endochondral ossification

A

The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
•month 3-birth

54
Q

4th step in endochondral ossification

A

The diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms. Second ossification centers appear in the epiphyses
•birth-childhood

55
Q

5th step of endochondral ossification

A

The epiphyses ossify. Some hyaline cartilage remains in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
•childhood to adolescence

56
Q

Primary ossification center

A

The first area of a bone to start ossifying

57
Q

Periosteal bud

A

A vascular bud that invades ossification center

58
Q

Secondary ossification centers

A

The second ossification center to develop in the epiphyses

59
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Tissue that covers the end of the bone where it forms a joint

60
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

A thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses metaphysis

61
Q

Metaphysis

A

The neck of the long bone between the epiphyses and diaphysis

62
Q

1st step of intramembranous ossification (proliferation zone)

A

Ossification centers develop in the fibrous CT membrane

63
Q

2nd step of intramembranous ossification (hypertrophic zone)

A

Osteoid is secreted and calcifies

64
Q

3rd step in intramembranous ossification (calcification zone)

A

Immature spongy bone and periosteum forms

65
Q

4th step in intramembranous ossification (ossification zone)

A

Compact bone replaces spongy bone, red marrow develops

66
Q

Fontanelles

A

Large fibrous areas between cranial bones

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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