Chapter 1 Test Flashcards
Definition of Anatomy
Structure
Definition of Physiology
How it works and functions
Subdivisions of Gross Anatomy
•regional anatomy
•systemic anatomy
•surface anatomy
Definition of regional anatomy
Specific regions of the body
Definition of systemic anatomy
Specific organ systems
Definition of surface anatomy
External body
Definition of “principle of complementarity of structure and function”
Structure depends on function
Levels of structural organization
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
Integumentary System
(defense): protect from environment, control temperature
Skeletal system
(Support and movement): support, mineral storage, makes blood
Muscular system
(Support and movement): moves, supports, makes heat
Nervous system
(Communication and integration): rapid response to stimuli, coordinate other systems
Endocrine system
(Communication and integration): cause long-term changes in activity of other systems, glands secrete hormones
Cardiovascular system
(Regulation and maintenance): transport nutrients/waste
Lymphatic system
(Defense): return fluid to circulation, specific immunity (T&B cells, antibodies)
Respiratory system
(Regulation and maintenance): gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out)
Digestive system
(Regulation and maintenance): process and absorb nutrients, eliminate solid waste
Urinary system
Regulate body fluids and PH
Reproductive system
(Reproduction and development): sex hormones, sex cells (gametes), females: also nurtures the developing embryo and infant
Axial part
Makes up the main axis of our body; head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular part
Consists of the appendages or limbs
Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse plane
Superior (cranial)
Above
Inferior (caudal)
Below
Anterior (ventral)
In front of
Posterior (dorsal)
Behind
Medial
In the middle
Lateral
On the outer side of
Intermediate
Proximal
Closer to the origin
Distal
Farther from the origin
Superficial (external)
External
Deep (internal)
Internal
Dorsal body cavity
•cranial cavity (brain)
•vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral body cavity
•thoracic cavity
-superior mediastinum
-pleural cavity
-pericardial cavity
•diaphragm
•abdominal cavity
•pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Abdominopelvic regions
Other body cavities
•oral cavity (mouth)
•nasal cavity (nose)
•orbital cavity (eyes)
•middle ear cavities (ears)
•synovial cavities (joints)
Survival needs
•nutrients
•oxygen
•water
•normal body temperature
•appropriate atmospheric pressure
Definition of homeostasis
Maintaining equilibrium
Homeostasis control: variables
•receptor: monitors the environment
•control center: determines the set point
•effector: response to stimuli
Macroscopic
Visible by the naked eye
Microscopic
The structure of an organism under a microscope
Positive feedback
Growth of the output signal (increases productivity)
Negative feedback
Slowing down of a process (reduces productivity)
Example of positive/negative feedback
