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Animal Biology > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage of minerals, Blood production

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2
Q

What is the shape / structure of a flat bone?

A

Strong, flat plates of bones attached to muscles

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3
Q

What is the shape / structure of a Long bone?

A

Longer in length than width

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4
Q

What is the shape / structure of a Short bone?

A

Equal dimension in length and width

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5
Q

What is the shape / structure of a Sesamoid bone?

A

Usually short, irregular bones embedded into a tendon

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6
Q

What is the shape / structure of an Irregular bone?

A

Odd shaped

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7
Q

What is the function of a Long bone?

A

Acts as a lever, aids in locomotion and support

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8
Q

What is the function of a Short bone?

A

Absorbs impact

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9
Q

What is the function of a Flat bone?

A

Protects organs, muscles attach to them

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10
Q

What is the function of a Sesamoid bone?

A

Reduces friction

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11
Q

What is the function of an Irregular bone?

A

Protection, support, acts as an anchor point

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12
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The waterproof outer layer that protects the body. It is elastic and gives skin its colour

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13
Q

What is the Dermis?

A

The middle layer of the skin, contains hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, and glands. it also helps to regulate body temperature

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14
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)?

A

Made of connective tissue, contains a high amount of fat to provide insulation

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15
Q

What are the full names of the exocrine glands in the skin?

A

Sebaceous oil glands, Eccrine sweat glands, Ceruminous glands (secretes wax within the ear canal)

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16
Q

What is hair and rhino horns made of?

A

Keratin

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17
Q

What is Downy hair?

A

soft, fine, densely packed hair that creates an undercoat

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18
Q

What is Guard hair?

A

thick, long, stiffer hairs that create a protective outer coat, they are surrounded by 6 - 12 downy hairs

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19
Q

What is tactile hair?

A

thicker hairs that extend further beyond the coat, their follicles are surrounded by nerves

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20
Q

What is an example of a tactile hair in animals?

A

Whiskers

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21
Q

What is the difference between Antlers and Horns

A

Antlers are made of bone with a velvety coating. Horns are a hollow keratin cone

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22
Q

What is the structure of claws and hooves?

A

They are made of a section of the dermis that is covered with a layer of keratinised epithelium

23
Q

What type of keratin are feathers made of?

A

Beta keratin (only found in birds and reptiles)

24
Q

What is the structure and function of a flight feather?

A

Located on the wing of the bird, a large feather with no gaps between the barbs, has a slight curve

25
Q

What is the structure and function of a down feather?

A

soft and fluffy, used for insulation

26
Q

What is the structure and function of a semiplume feather?

A

found beneath the contour feathers, used for insulation

27
Q

What is the structure and function of a contour feather?

A

gives the bird its shape and colour, helps to insulate the bird

28
Q

What is the structure and function of a bristle feather?

A

found around the eyes mouth of insectivores, protects the eyes and mouth from dust and foreign objects

29
Q

What is the structure and function of a filoplume feather?

A

very small, attached to nerve endings, send information about alignment

30
Q

What is the type of keratin found in mammalian hair, nails, claws and horns?

A

Alpha keratin

31
Q

State one adaptation of a rabbit’s skeleton that helps it to hop

A

longer hind limbs
curved / flexible spine
shorter forelimbs

32
Q

Define haematopoisis

A

The production of blood within the bone marrow

33
Q

Name the bones that make up the Axial skeleton

A

Skull, Mandible, Rib cage

34
Q

Name 5 of the bones that make up the Appendicular skeleton

A

femur, ulna, tarsals / carpals, radius, tibia, humerus, metacarpals / metatarsals, scapula, fibula

35
Q

what are the 5 Vertebral column sections?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Caudal

36
Q

What is the general structure of feathers

A

Made up of a hollow shaft called a calamus, downy barbs, afterfeather, vane, rachis, barbs, barbules, and hooklets

37
Q

What are the 7 components of the integumentary system?

A

Hair, Skin, Glands, Claws / nails, Horns and antlers, Feathers, Scales

38
Q

What are the 6 methods of locomotion

A

Running, Climbing, Swimming, Hopping / Leaping, Powered flight, Gliding

39
Q

What is a joint?

A

The point at which bones meet, allows movement

40
Q

What is a Tendon?

A

Attaches muscle to bone, enables movement

41
Q

What is a Ligament?

A

Connects bones together and stabilizes the joint

42
Q

What is a Muscle?

A

Function is to produce force and motion

43
Q

What is Cartilage?

A

Maintains joint motion / reduces friction and cushions bones against impact

44
Q

Name the 3 types of Joint

A

Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints

45
Q

What are Fibrous Joints?

A

joints fixed by various connective tissues that allow no movement, includes bones like the skull

46
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

joints held together by cartilage and allow slight movement, for example the ribs and spinal column

47
Q

What are Synovial Joints?

A

joints that allow a wide range of movement, for example the knees and fingers

48
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbows, knees

49
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

top of the neck (Atlas, Axis), cervical vertebrae

50
Q

What is an example of a ball and socket joint

A

Wrists, ankles, shoulder, hips

51
Q

What is an example of a gliding joint?

A

Kneecaps, intercarpal joints

52
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

Phalanges (fingers), wrists

53
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

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Animal Biology (3 decks)

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