Circulatory and Respiratory systems Flashcards
What 7 things make up blood?
Platelets, Red blood cells, Water, Lymphocytes, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Plasma
What are the 2 types of Lymphocyte?
T-cells, B-cells
What are leukocytes?
White Blood cells
Lymphocytes are a type of Leukocyte, what is their role?
Defend the body against disease
What is the function of B-lymphocytes (B-cells)?
Produces antibodies
What is the function of T-lymphocytes (T-cells)?
Recognises pathogens within the blood and initiates the immune response
What is the function of a Monocyte?
8% of total white blood cell count, present when the body fights infections
What is a Granulocyte?
A white blood cell with granules of protein inside
What is the function of Eosinophil?
A type of Granulocyte. Responds to infections caused by parasites
What is the function of Basophil?
A type of Granulocyte. Less than 1% of white blood cells, present in increased numbers after an allergic reaction
What is the function of Neutrophil?
A type of Granulocyte. The majority of white blood cells, acts as scavengers to search out and destroy bacteria and fungi
What is the function of red blood cells?
Delivers oxygen around the body, also carries waste gases and Carbon dioxide to be removed from the body
What protein does a red blood cell contain?
Haemoglobin
What is the structure of a red blood cell?
Flattened disc shape (biconcave) to maximise surface area for oxygen absorption
What is the function of Platelets?
Protects the body by clotting around a wound to prevent bleeding and infection
What is the function of Plasma?
Makes up 55% of blood. Aids in transport of hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste
What is the difference between Haemoglobin and Myoglobin?
Haemoglobin is a protein found in the blood and carries oxygen around the body, Myoglobin is found in the muscles and acts as a store for oxygen.
What is the oxygenated form of Haemoglobin?
Oxyhaemoglobin
What is the oxygenated form of Myoglobin?
Oxymyoglobin
What is the difference in Myoglobin in aquatic animals?
It has non-stick properties to prevent it from clumping together, allowing the animal to remain flexible while holing their breath underwater
What is high affinity Haemoglobin?
Haemoglobin that can easily bind with oxygen but cannot easily release the oxygen once binded
What is low affinity Haemoglobin?
Haemoglobin that cannot easily bind to oxygen, but the oxygen is easily released once binded
Describe the Bohr effect
When respiration rate increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increases. The carbon dioxide dissolves into carbonic acid and lowers the blood PH levels within the body. Haemoglobin releases more oxygen because of this which allows the muscles to continue working correctly
Define Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and releases more energy, this takes longer than Anaerobic respiration
Define Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, it releases less energy but faster than Aerobic
What is Lactic acid?
A waste product of anaerobic respiration, it is a toxic chemical that prevents the correct function of the muscles and damages cells and tissues. it can be broken down by oxygen
What is the formula for respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen = Energy (ATP) + Carbon Dioxide + Water
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
What is the process of anaerobic respiration?
- Body is under pressure (exercise)
- Animal cannot provide oxygen (oxygen deficit)
- Anaerobic respiration occurs
- Lactic acid builds up in the muscles
- Animal stops exercising, needs to restore oxygen levels
- Animal breathes deeply and quickly (oxygen debt)
- Oxygen breaks down lactic acid and the body recovers
Define respiration
The gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment
Where does internal respiration take place?
between the cells and blood
where does external respiration take place?
between the lungs and the environment
What is the Pharynx?
are at the back of the throat
What is the Larynx?
at the top of the trachea, and the origin of vocalisation
What is the Trachea?
tube connecting the pharynx and larynx to the lungs. it is maintained by rings of cartilage
What is the Bronchi?
main airways leading to the lungs, there is one for each lung
What are bronchioles?
smaller airways connecting the bronchi to the alvioli
What is the Lungs?
the main respiratory organ in vertebrates
What are Alveoli?
tiny pockets in the lungs with a rich blood supply, and where gaseous exchange occurs
What is Gaseous exchange?
Gases moved by diffusion, from an area of high concentration to an area with low concentration
How is gaseous exchange performed with oxygen?
diffuses into the capillaries across the pulmonary membrane from inspired air in the alveoli
How is gaseous exchange performed with carbon dioxide?
diffuses into the alveoli from the capillaries in order to be expired
What is the cardiac cycle?
the sequence of events that take place during one heartbeat.
What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle
atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole
What are baroreceptors?
stretch receptors located in the heart. They detect changes in the pressure of blood filling the aorta and send signals to the CNS. This triggers vasodilation and reduces blood pressure.
What is the function of the circulatory system?
The circulatory system circulates blood:
- Delivers oxygen and nutrients around the body
- Removes waste products
- double circulatory system, goes to the pulmonary / chest, and the systemic / rest of the body
What is an artery?
they carry oxygenated blood at a high pressure, they have a thick, elastic tissue walls
What is a vein?
they carry deoxygenated blood at a lower pressure, valves stop the back flow of blood
What is the function of capillaries?
they have thin walls that allows the exchange of compounds
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
Pericardium – protective outer layer
Endocardium – smooth inner lining
Myocardium – specialised muscle
What is the lymphatic system made up of?
a network of vessels, tissues, and organs
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
- Fights desease and infection
- returns interstitial fluid from tissues to the circulatory system
- pass excess proteins back into the blood stream
- filters lymph to remove waste and toxic materials
- produces and transports antibodies and lymphocytes
- transports and digests fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine to other sites in the body for storage
what is lymph?
a clear liquid similar to plasma, however it lacks proteins and contains more lymphocytes
what is the function of lymph vessels?
acts as veins and capillaries to transport lymph
what is the function of lymph nodes?
filters lymph to remove toxins, waste, and pathogens
what is the function of the Thymus?
located in front of the heart. where T-cells mature and destroy virus-infected cells. can also instruct the body to release other cells to fight infection
what is the function of the tonsils?
lymphoid tissue at the junction of the pharynx and oral cavity, it is the first line of defense against microorgansims
what is the function of Bone marrow?
all blood cells originate in the blood marrow
what is the function of helper T-cells?
identify foreign bodies or materials and trigger the immune response
what is the function of Killer T-cells?
find and destroy infected cells
What are the functions of the spleen?
- produces white blood cells
- controls erythrocyte levels (destroys red blood cells)
- stores blood and platelets
- where B-cells mature
- filters blood and removes bacteria and particles
- allows red blood cells to flow through
