Skeletal system Flashcards
What are the two parts the skeleton is divided into?
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
head, neck trunk
skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, bony thorax (ribs/sternum), sacrum/coccyx
What is the apendicular skeleton composed of?
limbs
pectoral griddle, extremities, pelvic griddle
What is the skull composed of?
Cranial and facial bones
What is the auditory ossicles composed of?
Middle ear bone
What is the hyoid bone composed of?
neck muscles, tongue
What is the vertebral column?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar regions, sacrum, coccyx
What is the thoracic cage?
ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae
What is the bony thorax?
similar to thoracic cage:
ribs, sternum, coastal cartilage
What is the pectoral griddle composed of?
Clavicle, scapula
collarbone, shoulder
What are the upper extremities?
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges
What are the lower extemeties?
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
fibrocartilage
What is cartilage made of?
aneural/avascular
Surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue (perichondrium)
chondrocytes (secrete cartilage in matrix)
resiliant
Where is hyaline cartilage?
articular cartilage
coastal cartilage
respiratory cartilage
nasal cartilage
Where is elastic cartilage?
external ear
epiglottis
flexible
Where is fibrocartilage?
intervertebral discs
menisci
pubic symphysis
shock absorbant
tensile strength
What are the four classifications of bone? Differentiate between each.
Long (limbs)
Short (tarsals/carpals)
irregular (vertebra)
flat (sternum)
What are the two ways to classify bones?
texture
size/shape
What are the two main textures of bone (what are the two types of osseous tissues)? Differentiate between them. Where are they found?
Compact (dense) from osteons
Spongy (cancellous) from trabeculae
What is the gross anatomy of long bones?
epiphysis
epiphyseal line
diaphysis
spongy
compact
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity
-endosteum
-yellow bone marrow
What is the difference between proximal and distal epiphysis?
Proximal rounder
What are the microscopic structures of bone?
Osteon
Lamealle
Central (Haversian) canal
Volkmann’s canal
Osteocyte in lacuna
Lacunae
Perforating (sharpey’s) fiber
Periosteum
Endosteum
Canaliculi
Compact bone
spongy bone
What is an osteon or Haversian system?
central canal
concentric lamellae
What is canaliculi?
tiny canals
central canal - lamella -lamella
transportation network
What are the perforating canals?
volkmann’s canals
connect blood and nerve supply of medullary cavitity to central canal
What do bone marking indicate?
where bones form joints with other bones
muscles, ligaments, etc. attach
blood vessels/nerves
What are projections? What’s the difference between those and depressions?
Depression- opening
Projection -outward growth
What are the different types of projections
projections at site of muscle and ligament attachment
projections that help form joints
What are examples of projections at the site of attachments? Differentiate between each
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Spine
Process
What are examples of projections that form joints?
Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
What type of depressions are there?
- for passage of vessels and nerves
What are examples of depressions?
fissure
foramen
notch
What are other examples of bone markings?
meatus
sinus
fossa
