Skeletal system Flashcards
3 planes of the body
frontal
transverse
sagittal mid or para
components of skeletal system
adults - 206 bones
ligaments
cartilages
functions of the skeletal system
support & protection
movement
storage (fat and minerals)
production of blood cells (matopoesis in bone marrow)
what are bones usually classified by, give example of some
shape - long bones (longer than they are wider) felangies
flat - thin flat often but not neccesseraly curved eg. ribs, sternum, scapula (shoulder blades)
short - posterior foot and wrist bones
irregular - pelvis, vertebrae
sesamoid - forms within a tendon eg. patella (knee caps), thumb, big toes
bone layers
compact bone - dense outer layer
spongy bone - network of bony honeycomb like tissue called trabeculae when bone is living it’s filled with marrow
what membrane covers the outer layer of the compact bone
periosteum
what membrane covers the inside portion of compact bone
endosteum (lines walls of trabeculae)
where does periosteum not cover
cartridges or where joints articulate
long bone structure
diaphysis - long shaft middle region
epiphysis - ends of long bones compact bone external spongy internal
metaphysics - in between (in children - growth plate)
what are bone markings what is their function
sites for muscles ligaments and tendons to attach to
what are openings in bones. function?
for particular joints to form and structures like nerves and blood vessels to pass through
hole in a bone is also called a foreman
what are the two divisions of the musculoskeletal system and how many bones do they consist of
axial - 80
appendicular - 126
three regions of axial skeleton
skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage
three functions of axial skeleton
form longitudinal axis of body which
support neck head and trunk
protects brain, spinal cord and thoracic organs
how many bones and what type and how many regions in vertebral column
26 irregular bones in 5 regions
5 regions of vertebral column (from superior to inferior)
- Cervical - 7 vertebrae
- Thoracic - 12
- Lumbar - 5
- Sacrum - 1 formed from fusion of 5 bones, articulates with hip
- Coccyx - a set of 4 fused bones
primary functions of vertebral column
provide SA for muscle attachment
support and protect spinal cord
position the head
posture
2 curates in vertebral column
primary - thoracic and sacral (convex - curves into chest)
secondary - cervical and lumbar (concave - curves into back)
what is scoliosis (spine wise)
lateral rotation of spine
most often in thoracic region
angle of spine is greater than 10 degrees to be diagnosed (Cobbs angle)
what is kyphosis
abnormal dorsal curvature - candy cane shape
common in individuals with osteoporosis (older and women)
what is lordosis or sway back
eventuated lumbar curvature
common in pregnant women shape of vertebral common changes to accomodate baby
usually disappears after birth
common features of all vertebrae
anterior body
vertebral arch - posterior
vertebral foreman - opening through which spinal cord travels
spinous process - projection that sticks out posteriorly (spikes on back)
transverse processes - project to left and right. serve as attachment points for muscles in out back
characteristic of cervical vertebrae
fairly small oval body
large vertebral foreman
bifid (divided) short spinous process at end (except C7) like a piece sign at the top
C1 atlas, C2 axes - specific ones, coordination between them allows us to bop head yes and no (up, down, left and right)
characteristic of thoracic vertebrae
heart shaped body
smaller circular vertebral foreman
large answers processes
facets that allow for articulations (joints) with ribs
spinous process projects slightly interiorly (downwards)
increase in size as you go down the column
characteristic of lumbar vertebrae
large oval body for weight bearing (more mass of body above them so more stress on them)
slightly triangular vertebral foremen
small transverse process
short flat spinous process (back muscles)
zygapophyseal joints - ones that form in between each vertebrae
joints align more vertically than in cervical region - decreased flexibility in that area
characteristic of sacral and coccyx vertebrae
articulates with pelvic girdle via sacroiliac joint
3-5 fused vertebrae that fuse late in adulthood
what stops the vertebrae from touching and what are their 2 regions and their anatomy
intervertebral discs - cousin like disks that act as shock absorbers
nucleus pulposus - inner gelatinous nucleus structure (elastic)
anulus fibrosus - outer region of collagen and fibrocartilage (stiffer connective tissues) that limit the expansion of the nucleus pulposus
THESE ARE THE DISKS WITH GEL IN THE MIDDLE THAT LEAKS OUT THAT WE TALKED ABOUT IN MANUAL HANDLING
what is the thoracic cage comprised of
posterior thoracic vertebrae
anterior sternum and costal cartilages
12 pairs of ribs laterally
1-7 are true ribs, 8-12 are false as they don’t directly articulate with the sternum (connect to)
functions of thoracic cage
protect vital organs such as lungs and heart
supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
attachment sites for muscles in neck, back, chest and shoulders
how many bones in upper limbs what are some ones you need to know
30
arm - humorous
forearm - radius and ulna
hand - 8 carpal (wrist), 5 metacarpal (palm), 14 phalanges (fingers)
anatomy of humorous
head
anatomical neck under it surgical neck that’s more likely to break
towards elbow is medial and lateral epicondyle attatchment sites for ligaments that protect our elbow from dislocation
anatomy of radius and ulna
articulate with humorous to form elbow joint, also with each other (proximal radioulnar joint) also a distal one
interosseous membrane - sheet of connective tissue that attaches them to each other along their length
two main bones of pelvic girdle
coxal and sacrum form hip girdle
coxal is actually 3 fused bones - ilium, pubis, ischium
primary functions of pelvic girdle
attach lower limbs to axial skeleton
transmit weight
support organs in region
(less mobile and more stable region)
difference between female and male pelvis
female - thinner and smaller but broader cavity thats tilted forward oval shaped
male - thicker narrower heart shaped
lower limbs you need to know
thigh - femur (patella) leg - tibia and fibula foot - 7 tarsals (posterior foot) 5 metatarsals - midfoot 14 phalanges
femur and patella characteristics
patella posterior smooth anterior more rough
femur neck, head, lateral and medial epicondyles (attachments for ligaments and tendons)
tibia and fibula characteristics
tibia is larger
articulates directly with femur
fibula is not weight bearing bone
interosseous membrane between them
what is pott’s fracture
distal end of tibia fibula or both
bones in foot
tarsals upper hind foot - largest are calcareous (heel) achelis tendon inserts in here and talus (big flatish bone on top of foot)
metatarsal - mid foot bones
phalanges
three main cells in bones and their purpose
osteoblasts - bone formation
osteoclasts - bone resorption (degradation)
osteocytes - sensor stress ad strain, monitor and maintain bone (osteoblasts and clasts)
age related changes in bone
children and adolescent - bone formation > resorption
young adults - BF = R
adults - BF < R
when do bones in the foetus begin to ossify (become bone from cartilage)
at about 8 weeks
what is osteomalacia
bones are poorly mineralised in adults which leads to soft weak bone and pain
what is rickets
bone deformities in children caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiencies leads to weak soft bones and pain
what is heamatopoiesis
formation of reed blood cells in bone marrow
what are zygapophyseal joints
ones that form in between each vertebrae
