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BIOM1060 Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

3 planes of the body

A

frontal
transverse
sagittal mid or para

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2
Q

components of skeletal system

A

adults - 206 bones
ligaments
cartilages

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3
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

support & protection
movement
storage (fat and minerals)
production of blood cells (matopoesis in bone marrow)

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4
Q

what are bones usually classified by, give example of some

A

shape - long bones (longer than they are wider) felangies
flat - thin flat often but not neccesseraly curved eg. ribs, sternum, scapula (shoulder blades)
short - posterior foot and wrist bones
irregular - pelvis, vertebrae
sesamoid - forms within a tendon eg. patella (knee caps), thumb, big toes

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5
Q

bone layers

A

compact bone - dense outer layer

spongy bone - network of bony honeycomb like tissue called trabeculae when bone is living it’s filled with marrow

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6
Q

what membrane covers the outer layer of the compact bone

A

periosteum

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7
Q

what membrane covers the inside portion of compact bone

A

endosteum (lines walls of trabeculae)

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8
Q

where does periosteum not cover

A

cartridges or where joints articulate

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9
Q

long bone structure

A

diaphysis - long shaft middle region
epiphysis - ends of long bones compact bone external spongy internal
metaphysics - in between (in children - growth plate)

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10
Q

what are bone markings what is their function

A

sites for muscles ligaments and tendons to attach to

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11
Q

what are openings in bones. function?

A

for particular joints to form and structures like nerves and blood vessels to pass through
hole in a bone is also called a foreman

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12
Q

what are the two divisions of the musculoskeletal system and how many bones do they consist of

A

axial - 80

appendicular - 126

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13
Q

three regions of axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage

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14
Q

three functions of axial skeleton

A

form longitudinal axis of body which
support neck head and trunk
protects brain, spinal cord and thoracic organs

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15
Q

how many bones and what type and how many regions in vertebral column

A

26 irregular bones in 5 regions

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16
Q

5 regions of vertebral column (from superior to inferior)

A
  1. Cervical - 7 vertebrae
  2. Thoracic - 12
  3. Lumbar - 5
  4. Sacrum - 1 formed from fusion of 5 bones, articulates with hip
  5. Coccyx - a set of 4 fused bones
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17
Q

primary functions of vertebral column

A

provide SA for muscle attachment
support and protect spinal cord
position the head
posture

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18
Q

2 curates in vertebral column

A

primary - thoracic and sacral (convex - curves into chest)

secondary - cervical and lumbar (concave - curves into back)

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19
Q

what is scoliosis (spine wise)

A

lateral rotation of spine
most often in thoracic region
angle of spine is greater than 10 degrees to be diagnosed (Cobbs angle)

20
Q

what is kyphosis

A

abnormal dorsal curvature - candy cane shape

common in individuals with osteoporosis (older and women)

21
Q

what is lordosis or sway back

A

eventuated lumbar curvature
common in pregnant women shape of vertebral common changes to accomodate baby
usually disappears after birth

22
Q

common features of all vertebrae

A

anterior body
vertebral arch - posterior
vertebral foreman - opening through which spinal cord travels
spinous process - projection that sticks out posteriorly (spikes on back)
transverse processes - project to left and right. serve as attachment points for muscles in out back

23
Q

characteristic of cervical vertebrae

A

fairly small oval body
large vertebral foreman
bifid (divided) short spinous process at end (except C7) like a piece sign at the top
C1 atlas, C2 axes - specific ones, coordination between them allows us to bop head yes and no (up, down, left and right)

24
Q

characteristic of thoracic vertebrae

A

heart shaped body
smaller circular vertebral foreman
large answers processes
facets that allow for articulations (joints) with ribs
spinous process projects slightly interiorly (downwards)
increase in size as you go down the column

25
Q

characteristic of lumbar vertebrae

A

large oval body for weight bearing (more mass of body above them so more stress on them)
slightly triangular vertebral foremen
small transverse process
short flat spinous process (back muscles)
zygapophyseal joints - ones that form in between each vertebrae
joints align more vertically than in cervical region - decreased flexibility in that area

26
Q

characteristic of sacral and coccyx vertebrae

A

articulates with pelvic girdle via sacroiliac joint

3-5 fused vertebrae that fuse late in adulthood

27
Q

what stops the vertebrae from touching and what are their 2 regions and their anatomy

A

intervertebral discs - cousin like disks that act as shock absorbers

nucleus pulposus - inner gelatinous nucleus structure (elastic)
anulus fibrosus - outer region of collagen and fibrocartilage (stiffer connective tissues) that limit the expansion of the nucleus pulposus
THESE ARE THE DISKS WITH GEL IN THE MIDDLE THAT LEAKS OUT THAT WE TALKED ABOUT IN MANUAL HANDLING

28
Q

what is the thoracic cage comprised of

A

posterior thoracic vertebrae
anterior sternum and costal cartilages
12 pairs of ribs laterally
1-7 are true ribs, 8-12 are false as they don’t directly articulate with the sternum (connect to)

29
Q

functions of thoracic cage

A

protect vital organs such as lungs and heart
supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
attachment sites for muscles in neck, back, chest and shoulders

30
Q

how many bones in upper limbs what are some ones you need to know

A

30
arm - humorous
forearm - radius and ulna
hand - 8 carpal (wrist), 5 metacarpal (palm), 14 phalanges (fingers)

31
Q

anatomy of humorous

A

head
anatomical neck under it surgical neck that’s more likely to break
towards elbow is medial and lateral epicondyle attatchment sites for ligaments that protect our elbow from dislocation

32
Q

anatomy of radius and ulna

A

articulate with humorous to form elbow joint, also with each other (proximal radioulnar joint) also a distal one
interosseous membrane - sheet of connective tissue that attaches them to each other along their length

33
Q

two main bones of pelvic girdle

A

coxal and sacrum form hip girdle

coxal is actually 3 fused bones - ilium, pubis, ischium

34
Q

primary functions of pelvic girdle

A

attach lower limbs to axial skeleton
transmit weight
support organs in region
(less mobile and more stable region)

35
Q

difference between female and male pelvis

A

female - thinner and smaller but broader cavity thats tilted forward oval shaped
male - thicker narrower heart shaped

36
Q

lower limbs you need to know

A 
thigh - femur (patella)
leg - tibia and fibula
foot - 7 tarsals (posterior foot)
5 metatarsals - midfoot 
14 phalanges
37
Q

femur and patella characteristics

A

patella posterior smooth anterior more rough

femur neck, head, lateral and medial epicondyles (attachments for ligaments and tendons)

38
Q

tibia and fibula characteristics

A

tibia is larger
articulates directly with femur

fibula is not weight bearing bone
interosseous membrane between them

39
Q

what is pott’s fracture

A

distal end of tibia fibula or both

40
Q

bones in foot

A 
tarsals upper hind foot - largest are calcareous (heel) achelis tendon inserts in here
and talus (big flatish bone on top of foot)

metatarsal - mid foot bones

phalanges

41
Q

three main cells in bones and their purpose

A

osteoblasts - bone formation
osteoclasts - bone resorption (degradation)
osteocytes - sensor stress ad strain, monitor and maintain bone (osteoblasts and clasts)

42
Q

age related changes in bone

A

children and adolescent - bone formation > resorption
young adults - BF = R
adults - BF < R

43
Q

when do bones in the foetus begin to ossify (become bone from cartilage)

A

at about 8 weeks

44
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

bones are poorly mineralised in adults which leads to soft weak bone and pain

45
Q

what is rickets

A

bone deformities in children caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiencies leads to weak soft bones and pain

46
Q

what is heamatopoiesis

A

formation of reed blood cells in bone marrow

47
Q

what are zygapophyseal joints

A

ones that form in between each vertebrae

BIOM1060 Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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