Joints Flashcards
What are joints and what is their primary function
functional connections between the bones of the skeleton and between cartilages
they give the skeleton mobility and hold it together
Tendon vs ligament
tendon - muscle to bone
ligament - bone to bone
3 structural classifications of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
3 functional classifications of joints
synarthrosis (no/very little movement)
amphiarthrosis (slight movement)
diarthrosis (freely movable)
fibrous joints characteristics
joined by collagen fibres
no joint cavity
little to no movement
3 types of fibrous joints
syndesmosis (ligament)
sutures (skull)
gomphosis (peg in socket - aviolar sockets that hold teeth)
cartilaginous joints characteristics
joint by cartilage, no joint cavity, little to no movement
cartilaginous joint types
synchondrosis (plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones)
symphysis (fibrocartilage unites bones) eg. left and right side of pubic bone
synovial joints characteristics
bones separated by a fluid filled cavity
synovial joint types
gliding / plane hinge pivot ellipsoid/condylar saddle ball and socket
functional types of synovial joints
non axial - slide
mono or unilaxial
biaxial
tri/multiaxial
distinguishing features at a synovial joint
articular cartilage - covers ends of bones to prevent damage
joint cavity - actual fluid filled cavity
articular capsule - outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane which produces and secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
ligaments - from bone to bone to stabilise joint
nerves and blood vessels - sensory input and blood to nourish provide oxygen and dispose of waste
actual bones
accessory structures of synovial joints
menisci - fibrocartilage that seperate articular surface of joints to improve fit stabilise joint and reduce tear and wear
fat pads - cushioning between fibrous layer of articular capsule and bone
tendons
bursae - fluid filled sacks the provide protections (bursitis inflammation)
what is movement of joints limited by
shape of articulating surface (bones)
menisci and discs
ligaments and the joint capsule (eg. ankle dislocation of soul in or out in is more common as shape of ligaments of lateral foot are more prominent)
muscle action/tendon tension
main synovial joints
knee shoulder elbow hip jaw (also ankles)
three types of movements
gliding
rotation
angular
what are gliding movements and where do they occur
sliding of a flat bone surface over another similar surface
in vertebrae
inter carpal and inter tarsal joints
what are some angular/rotation movements
flexion (decrease in angle of two bones in sagittal plane) extension hyperextension
abduction (movement in frontal plane away from body) adduction
circumduction
rotation (lateral and medial)
dorsi and plantar (point) flexion
retraction(shoulders blades together) and protraction
supination (palms forward for soup) and pronation
inversion (foot soul in) and eversion
what is a hinge joint and what movement does it allow
cylinder in a trough allows uniaxial movement
so flexion or extension only
pivot joints and the movement they allow
axel fits into a sleeve (like the thing that goes in between the holes of the tires to rotate them)
allows uniaxial movement - just rotation
eg. proximal radius and ulnar that allows supination and pronation
atlantoaxial joint between CI and CII that allows head nod
condylar vs saddle joints . movement and examples
condylar - oval articular surfaces that fit together eg. metacarpal fillangial joint
saddle - pair of convex and concave surfaces together eg. carpels
both allow flexion extension abduction and adduction (biaxial movement)
ball and socket movements and example
spherical head articulates with a cup with varying depth with deeper the cup the less likelihood of dislocation of joint
allow
multiaxial movement - fleixion, rotation, abduction …
eg. hip and shoulder joints
common joint injuries
sprains
dislocations (luxations)
cartilage tear
what is a sprain
ligaments are stretched or torn which repair slowly due to slow blood supply
(if stretched)
if torn it may require sawing ligaments together or using ligaments from another place of the body (grafting)
what is s dislocation
bones forced out of alignment, like to damage ligaments crossing the particular bone as well
subluxation - is a partial dislocation
some people are more prone to dislocations due to the anatomical features of their joints
what is a cartilage tear
when cartilage or joints are compressed or sheered together (sliding)
meniscus of knee is common - fragment often cause joint to catch or lock
it rarely repairs itself (avascular)
sprain vs strain
p - ligaments
t - muscle
what is arthritis give two examples
and how many people will suffer from it statistically
a term to describe over 100 types of inflammatory and degenerative diseases that damage joints
1 in 5 will suffer
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
what is osteoarthritis
chronic and degenerative arthritis (wear and tear)
cartilage is getting destroyed faster than it is replaced
leads to roughened pitted and eroded articular cartilages
may form osteophytes which are spurs of bone that cause pain)
what is rheumatoid arthritis
chronic and inflammatory
autoimmune, against cartilages of tissues
starts off as inflammation of synovial membrane overtime cartilage erodes and scar tissue forms
scar tissue can ossify (turn into bone) - ankylosis abnormal stiffing of joints due to this
what are some treatments for joint degenerations
joint replacements for removal and replacement of damaged or diseased parts of joints
common in knee and hip
factors that influence synovial joint stability
muscle tone and size number and arrangement of ligaments articulating surfaces (fit of bones)
