Cardiovascular System

Question 1

functions of cv system

Answer 1

transport - o2, co2, waste, nutrients, hormones
homeostasis - temp, pressure/volume, pH
protection - white bcs

Question 2

main structures of CV system

Answer 2

blood - fluid connective tissue
heart - muscular organ
blood vessels - arteries (away from heart)
capillaries, (exchange of gases, nutrients. waste between blood and tissues)
veins (towards heart)

Question 3

what is the pulmonary circuit

Answer 3

deoxy blood to lungs

oxygenated from lungs back to heart

Question 4

systemic circuit

Answer 4

oxygenated good from left side of heart being pushed out throughout rest of body
coming back from body as deoxy blood to heart

Question 5

location of heart in body

Answer 5

in mediastinum cavity between lungs anterior to thoracic vertebrae 8
behind lower half of sternum offset to the left

Question 6

function of pericardium

Answer 6

maintain heart position by being attached to diaphragm and prevent it from overfilling

Question 7

two layers of pericardium and two layers of the inner layer

Answer 7

inner layer is serous (fluid producing)
outer is fibrous

inner has additional parietal (towards the wall, stuck to fibrous layer) and visceral (towards the organ)

gap between two serous layers is called pericardial cavity and its filled with fluid

Question 8

3 layers of heart

Answer 8

endocardium - inner smooth layer to minimise friction of blood flow
myocardium - cardiac muscle layer forms majority of heart wall
epicardium - outer layer = visceral pericardium

Question 9

what separates heart chambers

Answer 9

septa (like septum) wall between chambers

Question 10

name of inner muscular lining of ventricles vs atrium

Answer 10

trabecular carneae
pectinate muscles
(same structure just different chambers)

Question 11

what are papillary muscles

Answer 11

ones that outgrow from the inner cardiac wall

and connect to chordae tendineae which connect to valves

Question 12

two types of valves and purpose of valves

Answer 12

prevent back flow of blood ensure its unidirectional

atrioventricular - mitral and tricuspid
semilunar - pulmonary and aortic

Question 13

what do chordae tendineae do

Answer 13

prevent the valves from everting backwards

THEY DO NOT OPEN AND CLOSE THE VALVE

Question 14

what happens during ventricular systole vs diastole

Answer 14

SYSTOLE - ventricles contact, AV valves close, semilunar valves open

DIASTOLE - ventricles relaxed, fill up passively as AV valves are open and semilunar ones are closed

Question 15

3 stages of cardiac cycle

Answer 15

2. atrial systole - atrium contracts to push last quarter of blood volume into ventricles
3. ventricular systole - ventricles contract and force AV shut, press built opens semilunar valves, blood is ejected. Lubb (first heart beat) of blood hitting ventricles
4. relocation period - all four chambers in diastole, with low pressure in ventricles. blood flows backwards in aorta to fill the heart about 75%, and pulmonary trunk semilunar valve shuts Dubb (second heart beat) of blood flowing from atria to ventricles and passively filling and hitting the AV

Question 16

what is autorhythmicity

Answer 16

ability of heart to make itself beat

Question 17

what structures allow autorhythmicity

Answer 17

though clusters of specialised cardiac muscle cells that can make themselves contract

Question 18

location of specialised cardiac muscle cell clusters in right atrium

Answer 18

sinoatrial node towards opening of superior vena cava (natural pacemaker- since it beats the fastest) 60 X min
more towards inferior vena cava is AV (atrioventricular) node at 40x min contraction

Question 19

what stops ventricles from contracting at same time as atrium

Answer 19

AV node delays impulse being sent to ventricles
eventually travels to AV bundle and split into interventricluar septum where one travels to left and other to right ventricle

connect to purkinje (large specialised cardiac muscle cells) fibres in apex
which make ventricle cells all contract at sam time

Question 20

anatomical similarities between arteries and veins

hint layers

Answer 20

3 layers - tunica externa (outermost), tunica media and intima

Question 21

anatomical differences between arteries and veins

Answer 21

arteries have thicker tunica media (more muscle in walls) and smaller lumen (opening through which blood flows)

veins have thicker tunica externa and are flatter. have a larger lumen
some small and medium veins have valves in systemic circuit

Question 22

difference between arteries/veins and capillaries

Answer 22

capillaries don’t have outer layers only have tunica intima (allows them to be permeable for gas exchange)
basement membrane and inner endothelial cells

Question 23

which circuit is low and which high pressure and why

Answer 23

pulmonary low due to delicate avioli

systemic high pressure to reach whole body

Question 24

four regions of aorta and corresponding names

Answer 24

ascending aorta, arctic arch, descended thoracic aorta, descending abdominal aorta

Question 25

what are the only branches of the AORTA

Answer 25

2 coronary arteries branch off at base of aorta (due to this location that’s close to the aortic semilunar valve (just above it) when there is aortic back flow of blood it goes into these arteries
to supply actual HEART with blood

Question 26

what are the branches of the AORTIC ARCH

Answer 26

3 arteries - brachiocephalic trunk - branches into right common carotid artery & right subclavian arteries. Supplies upper limbs, head and neck
left common carotid artery - also head and neck
left subclavian artery - left upper limb

Question 27

branches of thoracic aorta

Answer 27

small branches that supply organs within thoracic region eg.
pericardium
lungs and bronchi
oesophagus
NOT THE HEART - 2 coronary arteries supply it

Question 28

branches of abdominal aorta

Answer 28

3 paired supply two organs -
Renal - kidneys,
Suprarenal - adrenal glands
Gonadal - testes & ovaries

3 unpaired supply gastrointestinal tract and spleen -
celiac trunk that splits into
superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

abdominal aorta end by dividing into 2 common iliac arteries, which further divide at L5 and S1 into
internal iliac arteries - pelvic organs and perineum
external IA - lower limbs

Question 29

exception of vein names

Answer 29

deep veins accompany arteries and share their name

exceptions are deep - external and internal jugular vein (left and right brachiocephalic ins formed by joining of subclavian, external and internal jugular veins) these join to form superior vena cava

superficial are usually exceptions - cephalic and basilic at bend hind elbow both join into auxiliary vein (brachial plexus)
Great (inner thigh from ground to foot) saphenous and small saphenous (back of knee to foot on posterior leg)

Question 30

what veins drain what parts of the body

Answer 30

superior vena cave - above diaphragm
inferior - below
coronary sinus - heart

Question 31

what is a portal system and an example one

Answer 31

where blood goes form one capillary system to another
eg. hepatic portal system - its veins carry deoxy blood from GI tract and spleen to the liver before it returns to heart via the inferior VC

three parts - capillaries of GI organs, hepatic portal vein and sinusoids of liver (store/convert/excrete)

the liver has two blood supplies

and the artery version of this system is called hepatic artery proper

Question 32

function of lymphatic system in relation to cardiovascular

Answer 32

return excess interstitial fluid from capillary beds to circulation
transport dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins from GI tract to blood
immune system - plays a roles in carrying producing and ageing immune cells