Skeletal / Muscular System Flashcards
Locomotion
active travel from place to place
What does locomotion energy have to overcome?
friction and gravity
Animal movement is the result of what collaboration
Collaboration between muscles and skeletal system to overcome friction and gravity
What are the three types of skeletons
Hydrostatic skeletons
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons
What do Hydroskeletons consist of?
fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
What is a exoskeleton
rigid external skeleton
What do endoskeletons consist of?
hard or leathery support elements situated among the soft tissue of animal
What 2 skeleton do all vertebrate have?
Axial Skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
What are the 5 types of Bone?
Flat, Long, Sesamoid, Irregular, and short
What covers the most of the outer surface of bone?
Fibrous connective tissue
How do skeleton begin?
As a cartilage model
What is Endochondral ossification
process of bone development from hyaline cartilage
What is Periosteum
connective tissue on the outside of bone that acts as interface between bone, blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments
What is a matrix when referencing bone?
bone containing living cells that secrete a surrounding material
What does a Matrix (in reference to bone) consist of?
Flexible fibers of the protein collagen
calcium and phosphate
What is the purpose of collagen in bones?
keeps bones flexible
What is the purpose of crystal mineral made of calcium and phosphate
resists compression
What is Trabecula
branching plates of bone forming irregular cavities
True or False: Bone Lamellae (layers) are not organized?
False! They are very organized: run parallel to the lines of force and tension that pass through the bone
What are the strong fibrous connective tissue that holds together bone of moveable joints?
Ligaments
What do Osteocytes (mature bone cells) do?
they repair bones and shape bones throughout life
What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts -> bone forming cells
Osteoclasts -> bone-resorbing cells
What are three things bone do besides support and movement?
Protection
Mineral and Growth Factor Storage
Blood Cell Formation
What are the three types of muscles
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
Of Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac muscle which is voluntary
Skeletal
Muscles are composed of tubular cells called…
myocytes aka muscles fibers in striated muscle
What are sacomeres
repeating groups of overlapping thick and thin filaments
What are myofibrils?
contracting unit of a striated muscle cell
Sarcomere contracts when its _____ filaments slide along its ______ filaments
thin (actin), thick (myosin)
How does nerve cell signal need for muscle contraction work?
myosin in thick filaments attach to actin filaments
pull towards center of sarcomere
What is sacroplasmic reticulum?
Specialized endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells
When do contractions stop?
When motor neurons stop sending action potentials to muscle fibers
What is concentric contraction?
Muscle tension overcomes load and shorten
What is Eccentric contraction
load is more than peak tension; muscles lengthen
Concentric contraction and eccentric contraction are types of what?
Isotonic contraction
Is there a change in length during isotonic contraction?n
yes
Is there a change in length during isometric changing tension?
no they stay the same length
What are slow-twitch fibers?
cycle myosin more slowly; constant slow contraction of ATP
What are fast-twitch fibers?
cycle myosin faster and generate more power; ATP from fermentation
