Skeletal & Muscular System Flashcards
Body Systems:
1) Circulatory System
2) Immune system
3) Respiratory System
4) Digestive System
5) Excretory System
6) Nervous System
7) Endocrine System
8) Integumentary System
9) Skeletal System
10) Muscular System
11) Reproductive System
Circulatory System:
brings food, water, and oxygen to the cells, carries away waste products; provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste materials in every cell of the body
Immune System:
the body’s defense against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders
Respiratory System:
supplies body tissues with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Digestive System:
breaks down food into a form that can be absorbed by the bloodstream
Excretory System
provides a number of openings through which a variety of waste materials are excreted from the body
Nervous System:
coordinates the activities of the body
Endocrine System:
regulates certain activities of the body by use of hormones
Integumentary System
provides communication with the world around us through sensory receptors; protects the body from its surroundings, providing protection from bacteria and other microbes
Skeletal System:
gives support and rigidity to the body while protecting vital organs and producing blood cells
Muscular System:
provides movement for the body
Reproductive System
reproduces
Body Cavities:
1) cranial cavity
2) spinal cavity
3) thoracic cavity
4) diaphragm
5) abdomino-pelvic cavity
Cranial Cavity:
brain
Spinal Cavity:
spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity:
heart, lungs, esophagus, windpipe, thymus, aorta
Abdomino-pelvic cavity:
liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, small intestine, large intestine, reproductive organs
“Vestigal” Organs:
organs whose purpose did not used to be known and which therefore were used by evolutionists as “proof” of evolution.
Body Tissues
1) Muscle
2) Nerve
3) Epithelial
4) Connective
Muscle:
e. x. muscles
purpose: movement
structure: designed to contract
Nerve:
e. x. nerves
use: controls body activities
structure: long and thin
Epithelial:
e. x. outer layers of the skin, lining of the alimentary canal and blood vessels
use: cover, protect, secrete, and regulate temperature
structure: fit together tightly; reproduce rapidly
Connective:
e. x. bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fat, blood, lymph
use: hold the body parts together; store energy
structure: varies according to functions; fat cells have large vacuoles for storage
Two broad divisions of the skeletal system:
Axial and Appendicular
Axial Skeleton:
“backbone” of the skeletal system, made up of eighty bones that constitute the head and the spine, including the bones of the skull, the hyoid bone in the neck, the vertebrae of the neck and backbone, the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs
Appendicular Skeleton:
includes the 126 bones that form the pectoral girdle (shoulders), pelvic girdle (hips), and the appendages (arms and legs)
Know the major bones of the head and chest:
Skull (top to bottom, left to right): frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, maxillary bone, occipital bone, mandible
Hyoid bone: u-shpaed neck bone
Spine bones: vertebrae
sternum: breastbone
Bone shapes:
long bones (femur) short bones (carpal) flat bones (rib) irregular bones (vertebra)
What is the purpose of bone marrow?
The purpose of bone marrow is to manufacture red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune systems.
Know the parts of a joint:
1) Articular cartilage
2) Synovial fluid
3) Synovial mebrane
4) Ligaments
Articular Cartilage:
bearings” that allow the bones to glide smoothly over each other, covering the end of each bone.
Synovial fluid:
lubricant of the articular cartilage, a clear, water-based lubricant resembling egg white in appearance and consistency
Synovial membrane:
produces the synovial fluid and lines the inside of the joint capsule
Ligaments:
strong bands of fibrous connective tissue, arranged to completely encase and support the joint but allow it to bend freely; forming together a “joint capsule”.
Muscles:
1) Cardiac
2) Smooth
3) Skeletal
Skeletal Muscles:
muscles composed of individual cells known as muscle fibers, bound together in parallel bundles; the contraction filaments inside skeletal muscle cells are arranged in rows that give skeletal muscle tissue a striped/striated appearance (making skeletal muscle also called “striated muscle”); mostly attached to bones by tendons, although the skeletal muscles of the face are attached directly to the facial bones; skeletal muscles are designed to move quickly and powerfully
Smooth muscles:
consists of shorter, wider cells than skeletal muscle cells in a looser arrangement; designed for relatively slow, powerful, and prolonged contractions (ex. small intestine, eyelids)
Cardiac Muscle:
striated and similar in structure to skeletal muscle but specially designed to contract over and over without tiring; self-stimulating, contracts rhythmically to supply blood to all parts of the body
Know how muscles help with movement:
When a muscle is stimulated to contract by an electric impulse from an interneuron, it contracts, shortening the cell; this pulls on the tendon that the muscle is connected to, moving the bone. Some muscles contract; others relax.
Hypertrophy:
enlargement of muscles through use
Atrophy:
muscle degeneration, caused by inactivity
1
ellipsoid joint
2
gliding joint
3
saddle joint
4
pivot joint
5
ball-and-socket joint
6
hinge joint
