Glossary (ch. 1-10, 22) Flashcards
abdominal cavity
body cavity located below the diaphragm; contains liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, intestines, and gonads; also called the abdominopelvic cavity
ABO blood group:
red-blood-cell antigen group consisting of antigens A and B
abscisic acid
hormone that signals plant tissues to remain dormant; also called ABA
abscission layer
special cell layer that forms to cut a leaf or fruit from a stem
absorption
movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances from the small intestine into the bloodstream
accommodation
increase in the curvature of the eye’s lens to focus on nearby objects
achene
simple fruit consisting of a seed and a shell, much thinner than the shell of a nut
action potential
brief pulse of positive charge that travels down the axon of a neuron that has been triggered to fire
active transport
movement of molecules across the cell membrane from a place of lower concentration to a place of higher concentration with the expenditure of energy
acute confusion
disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body
adipose cell
fat cell
adventitious root
root that grows from an unexpected region of a plant
agar
gelling agent, derived from red algae, used as a culture medium for growing bacteria in the laboratory
agent dispersal
seed dispersal in which an outside agent carries the seeds
aggregate fruit
fruit that forms from a flower that has several pistils
albumin
blood protein that helps regulate the water content of the blood
alga
member of the group containing the smallest green, chlorophyll-containing organisms
algin
gummy substance derived from kelp and used to hold liquids in an emulsion
alimentary canal
tube leading from the mouth to the anus that forms the main portion of the digestive system
all-or-none principle
principle stating that when a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract it does so completely and then relaxes completely
alternate
leaf pattern in which only one leaf grows from each node in an alternating pattern up the branch
alternation of generations
life cycle, found in ferns, mosses, and some other plants, that involves both asexual and sexual production in alternating generations
alveolus
one of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs in which gas exchange takes place; plural ‘alveoli’
Alzheimer’s disease
disease similar to dementia but much more severe and sometimes occuring much earlier in life
amino acids
group of about 20 types of simple molecules that combine to produce proteins
amnesia
memory loss
anemia
disorder resulting from too little oxygen being transported to body cells
angiosperm
plant with flowers that produce seeds covered by fruit
Animalia
animal kingdom; consists of multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls
annual
plant that develops from a seed and produces new seeds in a single growing season
annual growth ring
distinct layer in the xylem of a woody stem formed by annual variation in the rate of secondary growth
anther
enlarged pollen-producing structure at the tip of a stamen
anthocyanin
pigment in leaves that produces bright red, blue, and purple colors
Anthophyta
phylum consisting of angiosperms
antigen
carbohydrate molecule on the surface of a cell that functions as an identification unit
antioxidant
substance that neutralizes harmful free radicals
anus
valve that closes the rectum and serves as the digestive tract’s second opening to the exterior
aorta
the body’s largest artery, from which all other systemic arteries branch
aortic semilunar valve
heart valve that allows blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta
apoptosis
process through which a cell can trigger its own death when it is no longer needed or no longer able to survive; also called programmed cell death
appendictis
condition caused by infection of the vermiform appendix
appendicular skeleton
division of the skeletal system that includes the shoulders, hips, and appendages
appendix
small, fingerlike structure attached to the cecum
aqueous humor
clear fluid in the eye that fills the space between the cornea and the iris and lens
Archaebacteria
kingdom consisting of prokaryotes that do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls
arteriole
small blood vessel connecting an artery to capillaries
arteriosclerotic dementia
dementia caused by death of brain cells due to blockage in the arteries
artery
thick-walled blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart
arthritis
inflammation of the joints
astigmatism
focusing problem in which the light rays entering the eye are bent incorrectly, usually caused by an incorrectly curved cornea
atherosclerosis
form of arteriosclerosis in which a buildup of plaque and scar tissue narrow the inside of an artery
ATP
special phosphorus compound that serves as the energy carrier of the cell; short for adenosine triphosphate
ATP synthase
molecular machine that generates ATP using power provided by the flow of hydrogen ions
atrium
either of the two thin-walled upper chambers of the heart; plural ‘atria’
atrophy
muscle degeneration
auditory nerve
nerve connecting the hairlike nerve cells of the cochlea to the brain
autonomic nervous system
portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs
autotroph
organism that makes its own food using an inorganic energy source; also called a producer
auxin
any of a group of plant growth hormones that are involved in many tropisms, cause the apical stem to remain dominant, and stimulate root growth and fruit formation
A-V valve
either of the two heart valves that allow blood to flow from an atrium into a ventricle
axial skeleton
division of the skeletal system that includes the head, spine, and rib cage
axon
long extension of a neuron that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
ball-and-socket joint
joint in which the rounded head of a bone fits into a hollow socket in another bone, allowing the bone to move in two planes and rotate in place
bark
outer section of a woody stem, which provides protection and helps transport food
basidium
microscopic, club-shaped, spore-producing structure of a club fungus; plural ‘basidia’
behaviorism
philosophy that the behavior of a person is determined by his environment, not his mind
berry
simple fruit in which the entire ovary is freshy and juicy throughout
biceps brachii
muscle on the front of the upper arm that bends the forearm; also called ‘biceps’
bicupsid
any of the four light-grinding teeth next to the cupsids (one pair on each side) on each jaw; also called ‘premolar’
bicupsid valve
heart valve connecting the left atrium and left ventricle; also called ‘mitral valve’
biennial
plant that lives through two growing seasons to complete its life cycle
bile
greenish substance secreted from the liver that helps in the digestion of fats
bile salts
group of substances in bile that emulsify fats
binomial nomenclature
system of assigning scientific names to organisms by using two words (genus and species) for each scientific name
biology
study of living things
blade
flat, green portion of a leaf
blind spot
spot on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye and there are no light-sensitive cells
blood
thick fluid that transports gases, nutrients, and wastes as part of the circulatory system
blood pressure
force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels
blood-brain barrier
system of tightly sealed capillary walls that prevents bacteria, viruses, and harmful molecules from entering the brain and spinal cord
bolus
small ball into which food is formed by the tongue
bone conduction
transmission of vibrations (caused by speech, etc.) from the jawbone to the inner ear
botany
study of plants
botulism
severe food poisoning caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum
bract
special leaf that looks like a flower petal
brain
principal organ of the nervous system; the chief organ of the mind
brain stem
portion of the brain that connects the rest of the brain to spinal cord; includes three regions responsible for most automatic body functions
bran
shell-like fruit covering of a wheat kernel
broadleaf tree
tree that has broad, flat leaves
bronchial asthma
allergic condition characterized by spasms of the bronchial tube muscles
bronchial tube
a bronchus or any of its branches
bronchiole
small tube, branching from a secondary bronchus, that ends in alveoli
bronchitis
inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
bronchus
either of the two tubes into which the trachea divides, one going to each lunch; plural ‘bronchi’
bryophyte
spore-bearing novascular plant
bud
part of a stem that allows it to grow in length or develop new stems, flowers, or leaves
bud scale
any of the scales that cover a bud in winter to protect it from frost injury and drying out
budding
form of grafting in which the scion is a bud
bud-scale scar
ring that circles a stem, indicating where last year’s growth started
bulb
structure made of a special stem and leaves that stores food underground
bundle scar
marking on a leaf scar that indicates a passage point of vascular tissue from the stem to the leaf petiole
Calorie
unit used to measure the energy content of food; equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram (or one liter) of water by one degree Celsius
calyx
collective term for a flower’s sepals
cambium
internal layer of meristematic tissue that enables stems and roots to grow in diameter
capillarity
upward movement of liquids through a very narrow tube due to differences in adhesion and cohesion; also called capillary action
capillary
microscopic blood vessel, linking an artery and vein, in which the exchanges between body cells and blood take place
capsule
spore case of a moss plant
carbohydrate
organic compound consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in about a 1:2:1 ratio
cardiac conduction system
system of special cardiac muscle fibers that generate electrical impulses and distribute them to all parts of the heart
cardiac muscle
self-stimulating striated cardiac tissue found in the heart
cardiac veins
system of veins that collect blood from the heart tissues and carry it to the right atrium
cardiologist
doctor specializing in the heart and its disorders
cardiovascular system
another name for the circulatory system
carotene
pigment in leaves that produces yellowish-orange colors
carpal
any of the eight bones of the wrist
carrageenan
gelatinous substance that comes from the alga Irish moss and is used in many food products
cartilage
tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bones
catalyst
substance that speeds up a chemical change but is not consumed in the process
catkin
long, tassel-like cluster formed by the flowers of some trees
cecum
pouch in the large intestine at the junction with the small intestine
cell
basic unit of structure and function of living things
cell biology
another name for cytology, the study of cells
cell body
central portion of neuron, which contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm
cell cycle
life cycle of a cell
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell, separates it from its environment, and regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also called plasma membrane
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products and that all cells come only from preexisting cells
cell wall
rigid, boxlike structure outside the cell membrane of a plant cell that stiffens, supports, and protects the cell
cellular respiration
process through which a cell breaks down chemical substances such as sugars and combines them with oxygen (oxidizes them) to release energy; also called aerobic respiration
cellulase
enzyme that weakens the cell walls of the abscission layer
cellulose
complex carbohydrate that forms the cell wall of plants and is a form of insoluble fiber
cementum
bonelike substance that fastens the root of a tooth to the jaw
central nervous system
portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
centrosome
microtubule-organizing center of a human or animal cell
cereal
any of the types of grass used by man for food; the grain of such a plant
cerebellum
portion of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscle activity
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebrum, which contains much of the brain’s gray matter
cerebral palsy
damage to the cerebral motor area, resulting in reduced motor abilities without affecting intelligence
cerebrospinal fluid
clear fluid that circulates through the fibers of the arachnoid mater
cerebrum
portion of the brain responsible for consciousness, memory, voluntary actions, thinking, and intelligence
cervical
of or related to the neck
cervical vertebra
any of the seven vertebrae of the neck
chaff
husk of a wheat kernel
chamber
any of the four internal hollow spaces of the heart
cheese mold
any of the molds used to make some types of cheese
chemical sense
any of the senses that result from chemical stimuli
chemoreceptor
receptor for a chemical sense
chlorophyll
green pigment of plants that enables them to capture the energy of light
chloroplast
organelle, found in the cells of green plants, that is a tiny chemical “factory” that uses light to manufacture food
cholesterol
lipid used by the body to make bile, vitamin D, and important hormones and used in cell membranes
choroid
layer of tissue within the uvea that provides most of the cell’s nourishment
chromosome
individual DNA molecule within a cell
chyme
thick liquid formed in the stomach, consisting of digestive juices and partially digested food
ciliary body
muscular structure near the front of the uvea that adjusts the lens of the eye to focus at varying distances
cilium
tiny hairlike projection extending from the cell membrane of some cells
circulatory shock
potentially lethal condition in which the body’s blood pressure falls to a critical low
circulatory system
body system that brings food, water, and oxygen to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and waste products; also called cardiovascular system
cirrhosis
buildup of fatty deposits and fibrous tissue in the liver
class
level of taxonomy between phylum and order
clavicle
collarbone
club fungi
group of fungi that produce spores in club-shaped basidia
club moss
creeping vascular plant that has an erect stem and bears spores in club-shaped, cone-like structures; also called ground pine
coccyx
bone, consisting of four separate vertebrae that are fused in adults, that is an attachment for muscles involved in standing and the elimination of wastes; also called tailbone
cochlea
coiled tube in the inner ear that detects vibrations and sends them to the brain
coenzyme
molecule that assists a cell’s enzymes in performing their jobs
collagen
tough, resilient protein fiber that reinforces bone and, with elastin, gives skin its strechability and elasticity
colon
long, tubular section of the large intestine that absorbs water from undigested food
colony
group of single-celled algae clumped together and living as a group
colorblind
unable to distinguish one or more of the primary colors of light
coma
prolongued unconscious state that may not be reversible
common bile duct
duct through which bile enters the small intestine from the gallbladder
common cold
most common respiratory disease, caused by any of over a hundred different types of viruses
compact bone
strong, dense tissue composing the outer layer of a bone
complete flower
flower that has all four basic flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils)
complex carbohydrate
carbohydrate formed from a long chain of simple carbohydrates; also called polysaccharide
compound fracture
fracture in which the broken bone pierces through the skin; also called open fracture
compound leaf
leaf that has more than one blade on every petiole
concussion
period of paralysis of the central nervous system accompanied by a short period of unconsciousness
cone
type of cell in the retina that detects colors
conifer
cone-bearing gymnosperm
connective tissue
any of the tissues that connect parts of the body
constipation
condition that occurs when feces are so dry that defecation is difficult
cork
plant structural tissue that forms the bark of woody plants
cork cambium
cambium tissue that produces a new cork tissue
corm
swollen stem that stores food underground; distinguished from a bulb by a thicker stem and thinner leaves
corn smut
smut that attacks the tassels and ears of corn plants, forming large, shiny blisters
cornea
transparent structure that replaces the sclera at the front of the eye
corolla
collective term for a flower’s petals
coronary arteries
two arteries that branch from the base of the aorta to supply blood to the cardiac muscle cells
coronary circulation
portion of systemic circulation in which blood flows to the heart muscle and back to the right atrium
corpus callosum
mass of nerve fibers through which the cerebral hemispheres communicate
cortex
food-storage tissue in a herbaceous stem in which the vascular bundles are embedded; similar tissue in a root or young woody stem
cotyledon
portion of an angiosperm embryo that contains stored food used to supply the energy for sprouting
cranial cavity
body cavity containing the brain
cranial nerve
any of the twelve pairs of nerves that branch directly from the brain stem
cranium
portion of the skull that protects the brain; also called braincase
cross-pollination
pollination in which the pollen from one plant is transferred to another plant
crown
bushy head of a tree OR part of a tooth that is exposed above the gums
cuspid
either of two tearing teeth flanking the incisors on each jaw; also called canine
cutaneous membrane
another term for the skin
cuticle
waxy layer that usually covers the epidermal tissue of a plant’s shoot system
cutting
piece of stem or root that can grow into a new plant; also called a slip
cyanobacteria
group of bacteria that form colonies resembling those of unicellular algae; also called blue-green algae
cyad
palmlike tropical gymnosperm
cystic fibrosis
recessive genetic disease caused by a defect that affects the chlorine gates of lung cell membranes; abbreviated CF
cytokinesis
process in which the cytoplasm of a cell separates to form two separate cells
cytokinin
any of a group of plant growth hormones that promote cell division and stimulate lateral buds to grow into new shoots
cytology
study of cells; also called cell biology
cytoplasm
jellylike fluid medium of the cell, containing organelles and numerous dissolved chemicals
cytoskeleton
intricate internal skeleton that helps a cell maintain its shape
deciduous
describes a tree that loses its leaves each fall
deltoid
muscle that forms the curve of the shoulder; lifts the upper arm away from the body
dendrite
short, branched extension of a nerve cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body
denitrifying bacteria
bacteria in the soil that convert unused nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen
dental caries
disease in which acid attacks the teeth, penetrating the enamel and dentin; also called tooth decay and cavities
dentin
bonelike layer that surrounds the pulp of a tooth
depressant
substance that slows the central nervous system
desmid
any of a large group of unicellular freshwater green algae characterized by a beltlike constriction that divides cells into two identical semicells
diaphragm
thick sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
diarrhea
condition that occurs when insufficient water is removed from feces, resulting in soft and watery feces and frequent defecation
diastole
relaxing and filling phase of heart action
diatom
any of a group of yellow algae characterized by rigid cell walls composed of silica
diatomaceous earth
substance formed from packed layers of diatom shells; also called diatomite
dicot
plant with two cotyledons per seed; typically characterized by flower petals that are arranged in groups of four or five, leaves that are usually broad and flat with branching venation, and a taproot system
dietary fiber
group of complex carbohydrates that are not digested or incorporated into the body
diffusion
process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion
digestion
process that changes food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances with smaller, less complex molecules
digestive enzyme
any of the enzymes involved in digestion
digestive gland
secreting body that produces digestive enzymes and digestive juices
digestive system
body system that breaks down food into a form that can be absorbed by the bloodstream
dinoflagellate
unicellular aquatic alga that has two unlike flagella used for locomotion
dioecious
having staminate and pistillate flowers borne by separate plants
disk flower
one of the flowers in the center of a composite flower head
dislocation
injury in which a joint is overstressed to the extent that a bone pops out of alignment
DNA
chemical, found in the nucleus, that stores the genetic information needed for cellular function; short for deoxyribonucleic acid.
dormancy
period of inactivity, which helps prevent seeds from sprouting when conditions are unfavorable for the growth of young plants
drupe
simple fruit that has an outer fleshy layer and an inner woody layer
dry fruit
fruit that has a dry ovary
duodenum
first and shortest section of the small intestine
dysentery
painful infection of the colon that causes severe diarrhea and cramps accompanied by blood in the feces
dyspepsia
gastric indigestion
eardrum
membrane stretched across the ear canal that vibrates in response to sound waves
edema
condition in which the body tissues absorb extra fluids and cannot maintain proper water balance
egg cell
female reproductive cell
electrocardiogram
medical procedure in which the tiny electrical currents in the heart are detected by electrodes taped to the patient’s skin; abbreviated EKG or ECG
ellipsoid joint
joint that consists of a bone with a convex surface that fits into a concave portion of another bone and that allows movement in two planes but does not permit rotation; also called condyloid joint
embryo
living part within a seed that develops into a new plant
emphysema
progressive deterioration of the alveoli caused by malfunctioning enzymes
emulsification
process of breaking large droplets into smaller droplets
enamel
mineral substance that covers the crown of a tooth
endocardium
inner layer of the heart, which provides a smooth coating for the heart’s interior
endocrine gland
any of the glands within the endocrine system, which secrete hormones into the bloodstream
endocrine system
body system containing hormone-producing glands
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes in large substances
endoplasmic reticulum
network of interconnected sacs and tubules that is connected to the nucleus and extends through much of the cell; abbreviated ER
endosperm
part of a seed that provides nutrition to the growing embryo, such as the starchy part of a wheat kernel
enzyme
large protein molecule that is a catalyst to carry out chemical reactions
epicardium
layer of slippery tissue covering the outside of the heart to allow the heart to move easily within the pericardial sac
epidermal tissue
plant structural tissue that protects and covers leaves, roots, stems, and other exposed areas and prevents excessive water loss and injury by outside agents
epidermis
outer layer that provides covering and protection to plant structures
OR
outermost layer of the skin
epiglottis
small flap of cartilage in the pharynx that closes the top of the trachea during swallowing
epilepsy
disorder in which neurons malfunction and begin to fire together over and over, disrupting ordinary cerebral processing and causing unconsciousness
epiphysis
bulged end of a long bone
epithelial tissue
any of the tissues that line body parts, cover and protect organs, regulate temperature, and regulate what enters and exits organs
ER
abbreviation for endoplasmic reticulum
ER lumen
internal cavity of the edoplasmic reticulum
erector spinae
muscle that extends along the spinal column from the upper back to the pelvis; straightens the back
esophagus
foot-long muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
ethylene
hydrocarbon that functions as a plant hormone to signal leaf abscission and to trigger green fruits to ripen
Eubacteria
bacteria kingdom; consists of prokaryotes with cell walls made of peptidoglycan
eukaryote
organism that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
eustachian tube
tube connecting the throat to the middle ear
evergreen
describes a tree that retains its leaves throughout the winter
excretory system
body system that excretes waste materials from the body
exhalation
process in breathing in which air rushes from the lungs due to increased pressure
exocytosis
process by which waste products are eliminated from the cytoplasm
external oblique
muscle that connects the ribs to the pelvis but more to the side than does the rectus abdominis
external respiration
process of breathing
extracellular fluid
fluid that surrounds the body’s cells
extrinsic muscles
set of six muscles that move the eye
eye (in plants)
node consisting of buds and small leaves, found on a tuber
eyelid
protective skin structure that blinks to keep foreign objects from entering the eye and cleans and moistens the eyeball
facial skeleton
bones that are the framework fo the face and jaw
family
level of classification between order and genus
farsightedness
the ability to see distant objects better than near objects due to the eye being too short or the lens being too flat; also called hyperopia
fascia
tough, translucent sheath encasing a muscle; also called epimysium
fat
molecule consisting of three fatty acid molecules attached to a single glycerol molecule; also called triglyceride
fat-soluble vitamin
any of the vitamins that are insoluble in water and can accumulate in the body if ingested in excess
fatty acid
simplest type of lipid molecule, made of carbon and oxygen atoms attached to a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms
feces
undigested waste materials from the digestive process
feedback mechanism
body mechanism that helps maintain homeostatis by directing changes in the body and directing the body to respond appropriately
femur
thigh bone
fermentation
process by which cells produce ATP when the oxygen required for cellular respiration is not available; also called anaerobic respiration
fern
nonflowering vascular plant with spore-bearing leaves and horizontal underground stems
fertilization
process in which a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a new organism
fibrinogen
blood protein that helps in blood clotting
fibrous root
type of root system in which the primary root remains small and many slender secondary roots grow from it in all directions
fibula
thin bone of the lower leg
filament
slender, elongated part of a stamen
OR
hairlike structure formed by green algae that join end to end, forming a long chain of cells
flagellum
whiplike tail that extends from a cell and is used for propulsion; plural flagella
flat bone
bone that has a flattened shape
fleshy fruit
fruit that has a fleshy ovary
fleshy root
taproot that enlarges to store large quantities of food
flower
reproductive structure of an angiosperm
fontanel
tough connective-tissue membrane connecting the bones of an infant’s cranium
food poisoning
gastrointestinal disease caused by consumption of food contaminated with bacteria or bacterial toxins
forage grass
any of the types of grass used to feed livestock
fovea
small depression on the retina where the light-sensitive cells are most densely packed
fracture
crack or break in a bone
freely movable joint
type of joint that allows a wide range of motion; also called synovial joint
frond
fern leaf
frontal lobe
lobe of the cerebrum corresponding to the frontal bone; associated with personality, judgement, and self-control; includes motor area
fruit
ripened ovary of a flower
fruiting body
umbrella-shaped reproductive structure formed by mushrooms; similar reproductive structure formed by another club fungus
Fungi
fungus kingdom; consists of multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and do not conduct photosynthesis
gallbladder
saclike organ that stores bile
gamete
reproductive cell (sperm cell or egg cell)
gametophyte
sexually reproducing generation in alteration of generations
ganglion
mass of neuron cell bodies; plural ganglia
gastric juice
digestive juice formed by the secretions of the stomach
gastrocnemius
muscle that forms the bulge on the upper calf; extends the foot downward
genus
level of classification between family and species; plural genera
geotropism
growth of a plant in response to gravity
germ
embryo of a wheat kernel
germination
process in which a seed sprouts
gibberellin
any of a group of plant growth hormones that help regulate normal plant growth and trigger germination of dormant seeds
gill
basidia-containing “spoke” on the underside of a mushroom cap
gingivitis
periodontal disease in which the gums become tender and inflamed due to accumulation of plaque and tartar
ginkgo
unique oriental gymnosperm with fan-shaped leaves; also called maidenhair tree
glaucoma
condition in which the pressure of the fluid inside the eye becomes much higher than normal, causing permanent damage to the retina
glial cell
cell that helps support and insulate nerve tissue
gliding joint
joint in which one bone merely slides across the surface of another
globulin
any of a broad group of blood proteins that help transport fat throughout the body and fight infections
glucagon
pancreatic hormone that signals the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and release the glucose into the bloodstream
glucose
simple sugar produced by photosynthesis (C_6H_12O_6)
gluteus maximus
muscle that pulls the upper leg downward
Golgi apparatus
organelle that serves as a shipping center of a cell
gonad
reproductive organ of a human or animal that produces gametes
grafting
process of transplanting living tissue from one plant to another
OR
light and dark streaks in wood formed by differences in the size of springwood and summerwood vessels
grain
fruit of a grass plant
graminoid
general term for a member of the grass family
gray matter
portion of the brain and spinal cord that consists largely of neuron cell bodies
guard cell
either of a pair of crescent-shaped cells that expand and contract to open and close a stoma
gulfweed
common name for the brown algae of the genus Sargassum
gymnosperm
plant that does not produce flowers but does produce seeds
habitat
region where a particular organism normally lives; the organism’s environment or home
hamstrings
group of three muscles in the back of the thigh that bend the leg at the knee
hardwood
another term for a broadleaf tree
head
flower cluster of a member of the composite family, which superficially resembles a single flower
heart
pump that propels blood through the circulatory system
heart attack
type of heart failure caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle
heart murmur
abnormal rushing or blowing heart sound produced by valve damage
