Botany

Question 1

4 main parts of a plant:

Answer 1

roots, stem, leaves, flowers

Question 2

Kinds of plant families:

Answer 2

1) disks and rays [daisies, sunflowers]
2) mint [peppermint, basil]
3) parsley [Queen Anne’s lace, celery]
4) rose [strawberry, peach]
5) pea [peanut, clover]
6) mustard [cabbage, cauliflower]
7) lily [tulip, Joshua tree]
8) cashew [poison ivy, cashew]
9) nightshade [tomatoes, belladonna]
10) grass [oats, Kentucky bluegrass]

Question 3

Why are broadleaf trees referred to as “hardwoods”?

Answer 3

Because most broadleaf trees have dense, hard wood.

Question 4

deciduous:

Answer 4

loses leaves every fall and are bare all winter

Question 5

evergreen

Answer 5

retains leaves throughout the winter

Question 6

parts of a leaf:

Answer 6

blade (+ veins, margin)
petiole
stipule
bud
branch
bud-scale scar (shoes where season’s growth ended and the next began)
leaf scar (shows where leaves had previously been attached)

Question 7

3 basic leaf shapes:

Answer 7

broad & flat
long & narrow
needle-like & scale-like

Question 8

xylem:

Answer 8

UP (water and minerals)

Question 9

phloem

Answer 9

DOWN (dissolved food)

Question 10

parts of a plant cell

Answer 10

cell wall
cell membrane
vacuole
nucleus
mitochondrion
chloroplast
cytoplasm

Question 11

Photosynthesis:

Answer 11

Photosynthesis occurs within the chloroplasts, which contain stacks of specialized disks called thylakoids. Chrolophyll molecules located on the surface of the surface of the thylakoid stacks absorb light energy to produce food in the form of sugars. The entire process of photosynthesis has been divided into two phases: one that requires light directly (light reactions) and one that does not (dark reactions). Both phases occur together, and once the light is removed all reactions cease. Light reactions: carbon dioxide and water are needed for photosynthesis. The plant obtains water (H2O) from the soil; the water molecules pass into the root cells, up through the vascular tissue in the stem, and into the leaves. The carbon dioxide (CO2) is obtained from the air; air passes through the stomata and into the air spaces of the spongy mesophyll cells. In the first step of photosynthesis, the plant uses the energy of light to split the water into hydrogen ions and oxygen; the oxygen is released into the air as a product, while the hydrogen is used to make two special, high-energy compounds called ATP and NADPH. Dark reactions: through a subsequent series of steps, which do not require light directly, carbon dioxide molecules from the air are combined to produce glucose (C6H1206), a simple sugar; the energy required to synthesize glucose is supplied by breaking down the ATP and NADPH produced in light reactions; thus the green plant can synthesize sugar from the raw materials it acquires from both the soil and the air.

Question 12

parts of a flower

Answer 12

pedicel
receptacle
sepal
petal
pistil (ovary; style; stigma)
stamen (filament; anther)

Question 13

What is the main purpose flowers have for the plant?

Answer 13

Flowers, with the seeds and fruits they produce, make up the reproductive parts of flowering seed plants

Question 14

What is the difference between cross-pollination and self-polination?

Answer 14

Self-pollination is when pollination occurs within the same flower. Cross-pollination occurs when the pollen from an anther of one plant is transferred to a stigma of a flower on another plant.

Question 15

What is the difference between herbaceous dicots and woody dicots?

Answer 15

Herbaceous dicots have “vascular bundles” of xylem and phloem arranged in a ring around the pith (the center of the stem); the stem is protected by an epidermis. Woody dicot stems are divided into three areas: the bark, the wood, and the pith.

Question 16

What was the basis and history of the Classification System of organisms, from traditional to modern Taxonomy?

Answer 16

Carolus Linnaeus devised a simple and practical method of classification, using some of the ideas of John Ray. Linnaeus observed the similar characteristics of many plants and animals and set up a classification system based on basic body structure of animals and arrangement of reproductive organs in plants. Traditionally there were two kingdoms, but today there are six, as well as the division between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Question 17

What is the difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes? And how are the 6 Kingdoms divided into them?

Answer 17

Eukaryotes have membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles; it comprises the five kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Protista. Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound nuclei; it comprises the kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

Question 18

How is a Scientific Name composed?

Answer 18

By “binomial nomenclature”: the first word indicates the genus, and is capitalized; the second word indicates the species. Both words are either italicized or underlined.

Question 19

What are the 7 levels of Classification?

Answer 19

1) Kingdom
2) Phylum
3) Class
4) Order
5) Family
6) Genus
7) Species

Question 20

What is the difference between Vascular and Nonvascular plants?

Answer 20

Vascular systems (root, stem, leaves) are more developed in Vascular plants, allowing for larger growth; Nonvascular plants generally live in a moist environment; Vascular plants include seed plants and nonseed plants; both use photosynthesis and belong to the kingdom Plantae.

Question 21

What is the difference between Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms?

Answer 21

Gymnosperms produce seeds not covered by the walls of an ovary (usually protected by cones). In contrast, Angiosperms produce seeds covered by the walls of an ovary.

Question 22

How are spores different from seeds?

Answer 22

Spores are tiny, one-celled reproductive structures that can grow into distinct or independent organisms under the proper conditions; seeds are reproductive structures of more than one cell.

Question 23

How are the rhizoids of moss plants different from roots?

Answer 23

Rhizoids are tiny hairlike threads that grow into the soil to absorb water and minerals; roots do more, anchoring the plant to the soil, absorbing water and minerals, and storing food.

Question 24

1

Answer 24

petiole

Question 25

2

Answer 25

margin

Question 26

3

Answer 26

branch

Question 27

4

Answer 27

stipule

Question 28

5

Answer 28

bud-scale scar

Question 29

6

Answer 29

leaf scar

Question 30

7

Answer 30

buds

Question 31

8

Answer 31

blade

Question 32

9

Answer 32

veins