skeletal muscle in disease Flashcards
what anabolic hormones decrease with age
- testosterone
- IGF-1
what 3 things happen to muscle with age
- anabolic blunting due to reduction of anabolic hormones
- spinal motorneurones lost
- loss of motor units with age so overall loss of function
what 4 general things can occur with loss of muscle
- loss of function
- reduced QoL
- increased morbidity
- reduced longevity
what is the european consensus definition of sarcopenia
includes 3 things
- low muscle mass
- low muscle strength
- low physical performance like reduced short physical performance battery test
- you must have 1 with 2 or 3 to be defined as sarcopenic
outline how the body prevents further decline in muscle mass during surgery
- tissue injury from surgery causes cytokines to be released
- this triggers a surgical stress response that leads muscle protein breakdown to be greater than muscle protein synthesis
- there is now increased circulating amino acids
- these AAs are used in GNG and protein production in the liver
- also circulation of glucose and acute phase proteins lead to tissue repair
- this causes a negative feedback response, decreasing cytokine release and muscle protein breakdown
what is autonomic factor that can cause a surgical stress response?
sympathetic tone
what are 3 inflammatory factors that can cause a surgical stress response
- IL-6
- IL1
- Tissue necrosis factor
what are 3 endocrine factors that can cause a surgical stress response
- coritsol
- adrenaline
- insulin
what are 2 metabolic factors that can cause a surgical stress response?
- serum glucose levels
- basal metabolic rate
what are 3 options to improve performance in the elderly?
- pharmacological therapies
- nutritional therapies
- physical and exercise therapies
what are 2 ways that pharmacological therapies are used in the elderly?
- giving testosterone and growth hormone
- EPA: anti-inflammatory
what are 2 ways that nutritional therapies are used in the elderly?
- chronic protein supplementation
pulsed feeding
what are 3 exercise training therapies that can be used in the elderly?
- resistive exercise training
- endurance exercise training
- HIIT training
what are 2 main benefits of endurance training?
- reduces muscle protein breakdown
- improves cardiac performance
what is 1 main physiological benefit of HIIT training?
- there are gains in aerobic performance
