Muscle Function (PRACTICAL)

Question 1

define isometric contraction

Answer 1

application of force with no change in fibre length

Question 2

define isotonic contraction

Answer 2

constant tension with changing muscle length

Question 3

define isokinetic contraction

Answer 3

contractions at a constant speed but with varying force/resistance and with changes in muscle length

Question 4

define eccentric-isotonic contraction

Answer 4

muscle lengthening under constant tension

Question 5

define concentric-isotonic contraction

Answer 5

muscle shortening under constant tension

Question 6

what are the 3 pros and 2 cons of the CYBEX isokinetic dynamometer assessment?

Answer 6

Pros:
- highly accurate
- ability to assess a range of contraction types
- clear data output which is readily interpretable

Cons:
- large and expensive equipment
- not readily available to clinical populations

Question 7

what are the 2 pros and 3 cons of the short physical performance test

Answer 7

pros:
- inexpensive and easy to apply
- widely accessible and portable

Cons:
- only assessing one muscle group but may be applicable to other muscles
- young people usually get good scores so hard to apply to them

Question 8

what is an antagonistic pair

Answer 8

two muscles that work in opposition to each other to produce movement. When one muscle of the pair contracts (the agonist), the other muscle (the antagonist) relaxes and lengthens, allowing the movement to occur.

Question 9

define flexion and extension

Answer 9

flexion: Flexion is a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts at a joint.

extension: Extension is a movement that increases the angle between two body parts at a joint

Question 10

define abduction and adduction

Answer 10

abduction:
- Abduction is a movement that takes a limb or other part of the body away from the midline or central axis of the body

adduction
- a movement that takes a limb or other part of the body towards the midline or central axis of the body

Question 11

Define plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

Answer 11

plantarflexion:
- top of your foot points away from your leg, increasing the angle between the two

dorsiflexion:
- top (dorsum) of your foot is brought closer to the shin, decreasing the angle between the two

Question 12

define eversion and inversion

Answer 12

Eversion:
- sole of the foot is turned outward, away from the midline of the body.

inversion:
- sole of the foot is turned inward, towards the midline of the body

Question 13

define pronation and supination

Answer 13

pronation:
- rotation the forearm so that the palm faces downward or backward

supination:
- rotating the forearm so that the palm faces upward or forward

Question 14

define elevation and depression

Answer 14

Elevation:
- movement of a body part in an upward direction, away from a reference point or from the ground

Depression:
- the downward movement of a body part, typically towards the ground or away from a reference point

Question 15

define circumduction

Answer 15

a complex movement pattern that involves the sequential combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in a continuous circular motion

Question 16

define strength

Answer 16

The maximum force that can be generated by a muscle or muscle group

Question 17

define power

Answer 17

the work done/strength per unit time

Question 18

define fatigue resistance

Answer 18

ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to sustain force production or continue performing a task over an extended period without experiencing significant decreases in performance

Question 19

define balance

Answer 19

ability to maintain stability and equilibrium while performing various physical activities or remaining in a stationary position

Question 20

outline in 5 how you use the CYBEX (isokinetic dyanmometer) to assess maximum voluntary contraction

Answer 20

1. setup the individual being tested or treated is securely positioned on the dynamometer’s seat with their leg of interest properly aligned with the machine’s axis of rotation.
2. attach straps to patients leg to secure it in the dynamometers lever arm
3. Operator selects the desired testing parameters, including the range of motion, angular velocity (speed), and resistance level to be applied during the test/exercise
4. In the isokinetic mode, the dynamometer controls the speed of movement, ensuring that the limb moves at a constant velocity throughout the range of motion. This allows the individual to exert maximal effort against the resistance provided by the machine at every point in the movement.
5. The dynamometer typically provides real-time feedback on various performance metrics, such as peak torque, work done, and power output. This feedback allows clinicians and researchers to assess muscle strength, endurance, and other relevant parameters.

Question 21

outline in x steps how the short physical performance battery test works