Skeletal Muscle (Chapter 8) Flashcards
what is skeletal muscle ?
striated muscle tissue attached to bones via tendons, under voluntary control
what do muscle fibers contract in response to ?
ach
what systems is the neuromuscular junction connected to ?
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
where is acetylcholine metabolized ?
in synaptic cleft or mitochondria
how do toxins interfere with the cholinergic pathway peripherally ?
drug acts directly on some part of the NMJ
how do toxins interfere with the cholinergic pathway centrally ?
drug acts on central nervous system to suppress the AP that connect to presynaptic terminal
does botulinum toxin act centrally or peripherally ?
peripherally
what is botulism ?
infectious disease by spores of the bacterium clostridium botulinum, which can cause coma and death
what are symptoms of botulism ?
dry mouth decreased saliva production orthostatic hypotension decreased peristalsis and constipation decreased respiratory contractions trouble breathing
what are drug versions of botulinum toxin used to treat ?
neuromuscular diseases like cerebral palsy and MS facial twitching dystonia excessive sweating chronic migraine
what are anti-cholinergic drugs used for centrally ?
used to suppress CNS activity
what is an example of an anti-cholinergic drug that acts centrally ?
benzodiazepines
how do benzodiazepines act ?
promote GABA pathway.
Usually GABA inhibitory, which suppresses CNS functions.
they act as an AGONIST, activating an inhibitor.
what are benzodiazepines used for ?
muscle spasms, convulsions, sedative, psychiatric conditions
what are anti-cholinergic side effects ?
depression
blurred vision
sedation
pupil dilation
what are benzodiazepines contraindicated with ? a
alcohol
how do benzodiazepines affect pee ?
difficulty urinating
how do benzodiazepines affect HR ?
small increase
how do benzodiazepines affect the eyes ?
increased intraocular pressure, bad to combine with glaucoma
what are 4 drugs with anti-cholinergic effects
benzodiazepines
anti-histamines
opioid analgesics
atropine
what are anti-cholinergic drugs cobines with (4)?
aspirin
codeine
acetaminophen
caffeine
what are 4 non-drug options to treat muscle spasms ?
cryotherapy
moist heat
massage
stretching
what happens in a muscle spasm ?
no actual contraction
muscle fiber signals working against each other
