Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Performance-Enhancing Substances (Chapter 16) + Connor Paper > Flashcards

Performance-Enhancing Substances (Chapter 16) + Connor Paper Flashcards

1
Q

what does ergogenic mean ?

A

enhancing physical performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an ergogenic drug ?

A

a drug that enhances physical performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is another word for ergogenic drug use ?

A

doping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the agency which controls performance-enhancing substances ? who created it

A

the World Anti-Doping Agency created by International Olympic Committee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what amount is considered a positive test for anabolic agents ?

A

any amount is considered a positive test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what was the main finding of the Connor paper ?

A

that their research does not show that Goldman’s dilemma is valid and a general concern anymore in these times since the subset of athletes willing to sacrifice their life and to dope is much smaller than previously thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 4 weaknesses of Goldman’s dilemma ?

A

1) no control group: no idea whether the general population would respond any differently
2) positive response bias in the question: outcome= Olympic gold vs death
3) question method: asked orally during practice. pen and paper method may be more helpful to overcome question sensitivity
4) generalisability over time and social contexts: political considerations + weak policy on doping (Cold War) of Goldman’s dilemma compared to now, may make the dilemma less reliable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what was Goldman’s original question ?

A

“whether they would take a drug that would guarantee them overwhelming success in sport, but cause them to die after five years”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how did Connor et al elaborate on the original question by Goldman ?

A 
they investigated the effect of phrasing the question in different ways. 
1- illegal-medal-death
2- illegal- death-medal
3- legal-medal-death
4-legal-death-medal
5-illegal-medal-no death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in the Connor et al study, how did the prevalence of “yes” answers compare in the general Australian population and in athletes ?

A

the same (around 1%) which is significantly less than what was reported by Goldman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how did the Connor results compare in the different manners the questions were phrased ?

A

original version 1%
legal-medal-death 6.1%
illegal-medal- no death 11.8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what prevalence of “yes” answers did Goldman get ?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two ways in which the radical difference between Goldman and Connor’s results can be explained ?

A

1) significant impact of consequences and legality: now athletes more aware of consequences of drug misuse but also of legal status of drug use
2) social marketing of antidoping - moral stance on role of drugs in sport. drugs have been stigmatised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does Connor say about the order of presentation of the question ?

A

it is irrelevant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is Connor’s main suggestion for the future ?

A

to establish a large scale online survey, with a broader cross-section of sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who were the participants in Connor’s study ?

A

elite participants at track and field meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what amount is considered a positive test for hormones?

A

levels have to be “above normal” to be considered positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are 5 hormones that are the most regulated by WADA?

A 
erythropoetin
growth hormones
sex hormones
insulin
corticotropins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

are beta-agonists allowed by WADA ?

A

no, all are prohibited except for a therapeutic use exemption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what hormone antagonists and modulators are prohibited by WADA (6)

A 
aromatase inhibitors 
estrogen receptor modulators
anti-estrogenic substances
myostatin inhibitors
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
AMP kinase agonists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does aromatase inhibitor work ?

A

indirect androgen doping by estrogen blockade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why are diuretics prohibited by WADA ?

A

masking agent, increases excretion of prohibited drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why are plasma expanders prohibited by WADA ?

A

they artificially decrease the concentration of banned substances and/or hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which stimulants are allowed by WADA, but are part of a monitoring program to detect trends? (8)

A

BICNPPPS

imidazole for topical use 
bupropion
caffeine
nicotine
phenylephrine
phenylpropanolamine
pipradol
synephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is bruproprion used for ?

A

antidepressant and smoking cessation aid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what forms of adrenaline delivery are allowed ?

A

nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is cathine ? is cathine prohibited ?

A

a stimulant

it is prohibited at a certain level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

is ephedrine and methylphedrine prohibited ?

A

at a certain level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

is caffeine prohibited at the collegiate level ?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is caffeine prohibited in WADA?

A

no but it is tracked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is marijuana allowed in WADA ?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

is marijuana allowed at the collegiate level ?

A

there are upper limits that are acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

are glucocorticoids allowed in WADA ?

A

all prohibited without therapeutic use exemption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what disease would require a therapeutic exemption for glucocorticoids ?

A

asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is new in the 2013 WADA list with the advance of science ?

A

gene doping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

in what sports is alcohol banned during competition ?

A

those that are potentially dangerous and need coordination, like archery, karate, boating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what sports are beta blockers prohibited in ?

A

where their calming effect may improve performance, like bridge, curling, golf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

tobacco addictions are similar to what addictions ?

A

addiction to drugs like heroin and cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is nicotine ?

A

a parasympathomimetic alkaloid in plants and a stimulant drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what metabolizes nicotine ?

A

cytochrome p450 enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what receptors does nicotine work on ?

A

nicotinic ach receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what may be the mechanism of nicotine ? (2)

A

increasing dopamine in reward center

stimulates release of epinephrine in adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the primary side effect of phenylephrine ?

A

hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is phenylephrine (action)

A

a selective a1-adrenergic receptor agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the 3 uses of phenylephrine ?

A

nasal decongestant
dilate pupil
increase blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the action of pipradol ?

A

norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor

47
Q

what food is synephrine found in ?

A

citrus (orange juice)

48
Q

what is the generic name for Vicks ?

A

levmetamphetamine

49
Q

what is the generic name for Sudafed ?

A

pseudoephedrine

50
Q

what is the generic name for Dimetapp?

A

phenylephrine

51
Q

what two main stimulants are allowed

A

caffeine and nicotine

52
Q

what is the structure of stimulants ?

A

sympathomimetic amines

53
Q

what are the general pharmacodynamics of stimulants /sympathomimetic amines ?

A

interferes with body metabolism of neurotransmitters, or act as agonists of sympathetic receptors

54
Q

why is it bad to take stimulants if you’re not ill ?

A

they are usually prescribed to someone at a deficit so if you’re normal then the effect is too high

55
Q

what can be a beneficial metabolic effect of stimulants ?

A

glycogen sparing

56
Q

how are stimulants like sympathomimetic amines different from natural catecholamines ?

A

amphetamines can easily cross the BBB and increase dopamine and NE as well as prevent reuptake

57
Q

what are the 2 reasons athletes use amphetamines ?

A

a very small increase in performance

mask the feelings of fatigue

58
Q

how do amphetamines compare to cocaine ?

A

similar but amphetamines last longer

59
Q

how can we generalize the symptoms of amphetamine use ?

A

SNS symptoms

60
Q

lip smacking are a sign of use of which drug ?

A

amphetamines- dry mouth

61
Q

what is the effect of amphetamines on sex drive

A

long term, decreases it

62
Q

what are the main adverse effects of amphetamines ? (2)

A

heart stuff, psychosis

63
Q

what plant is ephedrine derived from

A

ma-huang

64
Q

what active ingredients (2) does ma-huang contain ?

A

ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine

65
Q

what are the properties of ephedrine ?

A

sympathomimetic, alpha and beta adrenergic

66
Q

how does pseudoephedrine affect epinephrine response ?

A

stimulates adrenaline release

67
Q

why is pseudoephedrine banned ?

A

can be made into crystal meth

68
Q

why will athletes mix ephedrine with caffeine and aspirin ?

A

caffeine and aspirin inhabit the negative feedback control of ephedrine

69
Q

what are the supposed ergogenic effects of ephedrine (3)

A

energy enhancer
fat utilization increase
weight loss

70
Q

why do energy drinks have high caffeine levels ?

A

they add pure caffeine and also plant extracts that contain caffeine

71
Q

what do kola nut, yerba mate, guarana berries, yaupon holly, and guayusa have in common ?

A

they are plants which use caffeine to kill pest insects and to attract pollinating insecrets

72
Q

is the amount of caffeine on an energy drink the true amount

A

no it is higher than indicated

73
Q

how many cups of strong coffee do you have to drink to be over the collegiate limit for coffee ?

A

6

74
Q

what is the structure of caffeine ?

A

a lipid soluble purine

75
Q

is caffeine absorbed quickly or slowly

A

absorbed quickly with peak plasma levels reached within 1h

76
Q

what is the half life of caffeine

A

6 hours for levels to reduce in half

77
Q

what is the effect of coffee on endurance ?

A

can extend endurance in strenuous aerobic activities if you take 2.5 cups, not more.

78
Q

in research that tested the effect of coffee on endurance, how long did subjects with coffee sustain an endurance test for compared to the placebo (decaf)

A

90 minutes compared to 75 minutes

79
Q

how does caffeine affect muscles ?

A

acts to enhance exercise capacity

80
Q

what are the metabolic effects of caffeine ?

A

provides a similar benefit to a second bout of exercise without taking more caffeine bc it stays in the system

81
Q

how does caffeine affect fat, carbs, etc

A

increases fat utilization and reduces carb use

82
Q

how does caffeine affect electrolyte balance

A

lower plasma potassium concentration, higher blood glucose levels

83
Q

what is the mechanism of action of caffeine ? (3)

A
  • increase FFA
  • crosses BBB and affects CNS, with analgesic effects reducing perception of effort
  • enhances motor neuron excitability
84
Q

why do people respond inconsistently to caffeine ?

A

due to their nutritional characteristics

85
Q

why is it better to take caffeine in pill form ?

A

components in coffee antagonize the ergogenic effects of caffeine ?

86
Q

what population will not benefit from caffeine ?what is the solution

A

habitual users who build up a tolerance . therefore abstain from caffeine 4-6 days before competition

87
Q

what are the adverse effects of coffee ?

A

nervousness, poor sleep, etc

88
Q

why are anabolic agents so easily consumed ?

A

they are cholesterol based, lipid soluble

89
Q

what disease or conditions can be treated with testosterone ? (6)

A 
cancer
micropenis
delayed puberty
anemia
burns
AIDS
90
Q

how does testosterone affect erythropoesis ?

A

enhance it

91
Q

what is erythropoesis ?

A

Red blood cell production

92
Q

what are the two ways testosterone is taken ? what are the half lifes ?

A

orally: short half life (hours)

injected intravenously : longer half life (days)

93
Q

how is the oral testosterone modified ?

A

chemically modified to avoid first pass effect and to avoid metabolism in liver

94
Q

what is the main ergogenic effect of testosterone ?

A

increases protein synthesis, muscle strength, etc

95
Q

in who will testosterone be effective ?

A

in a previously trained athlete who has a good protein diet and training

96
Q

is overall athletic performance enhanced by testosterone ?

A

not sure

97
Q

what are the blood adverse effects of testosterone (2)

A

increased LDL cholesterol

increased cardiovascular disease

98
Q

what are the diseases that are adverse effects of testosterone (4)

A

cardiovascular
jaundice
type II diabetes
sudden cardiac death

99
Q

what are gender-specific adverse effects of testosterone (3)

A

aggressive behavior, shrinking testicles, decreased sperm count

100
Q

how can the face change with testosterone ?

A

acne

101
Q

how is human growth hormone taken ? why

A

injected subcutaneous or intramuscular because it is a polypeptide so subject to first pass effect

102
Q

what is progeria ?

A

lack of growth hormone, accelerated aging

103
Q

what are the pharmacodynamic effects of HGH ? (3)

A
  • promotes protein synthesis
  • promotes bone, muscle, etc growth
  • promote fats use (spares glycogen)
104
Q

how does HGH affect athletic performance ?

A

controversilal

105
Q

what metabolic condition is associated with growth hormone use ?

A

diabetes, insulin resistance

106
Q

what neuromuscular problems are associated with HGH use ?

A

headache, neuropathy, etc

107
Q

what growths may prove problematic with HGH use ?

A

visceral growth but also cranial, bone growth

108
Q

what are the two main effects of beta 2 agonists ?

A

stimulant and anabolic

109
Q

how are b2 agonists anabolic ?

A

reduces protein degradation

110
Q

what are the adverse effects of using a masking agent ?

A

dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

111
Q

in which sports will using a diuretic as a masking agent actually lose performance ?

A

endurance sports

112
Q

what is the undesirable effect of using anti inflammatory drugs ?

A

inhibited immune system (URTI infections)

113
Q

why is it wrong to just target the athlete for doping ?

A

because often doping is systematic and state sponsored

114
Q

what is the thing to do if you catch an athlete doping as an AT?

A

convince them not to cheat,
educate them on side effects and dangers
and try to get a therapeutic use exemption if justified

Pharmacology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions