Performance-Enhancing Substances (Chapter 16) + Connor Paper Flashcards
what does ergogenic mean ?
enhancing physical performance
what is an ergogenic drug ?
a drug that enhances physical performance
what is another word for ergogenic drug use ?
doping
what is the agency which controls performance-enhancing substances ? who created it
the World Anti-Doping Agency created by International Olympic Committee
what amount is considered a positive test for anabolic agents ?
any amount is considered a positive test
what was the main finding of the Connor paper ?
that their research does not show that Goldman’s dilemma is valid and a general concern anymore in these times since the subset of athletes willing to sacrifice their life and to dope is much smaller than previously thought
what are the 4 weaknesses of Goldman’s dilemma ?
1) no control group: no idea whether the general population would respond any differently
2) positive response bias in the question: outcome= Olympic gold vs death
3) question method: asked orally during practice. pen and paper method may be more helpful to overcome question sensitivity
4) generalisability over time and social contexts: political considerations + weak policy on doping (Cold War) of Goldman’s dilemma compared to now, may make the dilemma less reliable
what was Goldman’s original question ?
“whether they would take a drug that would guarantee them overwhelming success in sport, but cause them to die after five years”
how did Connor et al elaborate on the original question by Goldman ?
they investigated the effect of phrasing the question in different ways. 1- illegal-medal-death 2- illegal- death-medal 3- legal-medal-death 4-legal-death-medal 5-illegal-medal-no death
in the Connor et al study, how did the prevalence of “yes” answers compare in the general Australian population and in athletes ?
the same (around 1%) which is significantly less than what was reported by Goldman
how did the Connor results compare in the different manners the questions were phrased ?
original version 1%
legal-medal-death 6.1%
illegal-medal- no death 11.8%
what prevalence of “yes” answers did Goldman get ?
50%
what are the two ways in which the radical difference between Goldman and Connor’s results can be explained ?
1) significant impact of consequences and legality: now athletes more aware of consequences of drug misuse but also of legal status of drug use
2) social marketing of antidoping - moral stance on role of drugs in sport. drugs have been stigmatised.
what does Connor say about the order of presentation of the question ?
it is irrelevant
what is Connor’s main suggestion for the future ?
to establish a large scale online survey, with a broader cross-section of sports
who were the participants in Connor’s study ?
elite participants at track and field meet
what amount is considered a positive test for hormones?
levels have to be “above normal” to be considered positive
what are 5 hormones that are the most regulated by WADA?
erythropoetin growth hormones sex hormones insulin corticotropins
are beta-agonists allowed by WADA ?
no, all are prohibited except for a therapeutic use exemption
what hormone antagonists and modulators are prohibited by WADA (6)
aromatase inhibitors estrogen receptor modulators anti-estrogenic substances myostatin inhibitors peroxisome proliferator activated receptor AMP kinase agonists
how does aromatase inhibitor work ?
indirect androgen doping by estrogen blockade
why are diuretics prohibited by WADA ?
masking agent, increases excretion of prohibited drugs
why are plasma expanders prohibited by WADA ?
they artificially decrease the concentration of banned substances and/or hematocrit
which stimulants are allowed by WADA, but are part of a monitoring program to detect trends? (8)
BICNPPPS
imidazole for topical use bupropion caffeine nicotine phenylephrine phenylpropanolamine pipradol synephrine
what is bruproprion used for ?
antidepressant and smoking cessation aid
what forms of adrenaline delivery are allowed ?
nasal
what is cathine ? is cathine prohibited ?
a stimulant
it is prohibited at a certain level
is ephedrine and methylphedrine prohibited ?
at a certain level
is caffeine prohibited at the collegiate level ?
yes
is caffeine prohibited in WADA?
no but it is tracked
is marijuana allowed in WADA ?
no
is marijuana allowed at the collegiate level ?
there are upper limits that are acceptable
are glucocorticoids allowed in WADA ?
all prohibited without therapeutic use exemption
what disease would require a therapeutic exemption for glucocorticoids ?
asthma
what is new in the 2013 WADA list with the advance of science ?
gene doping
in what sports is alcohol banned during competition ?
those that are potentially dangerous and need coordination, like archery, karate, boating
what sports are beta blockers prohibited in ?
where their calming effect may improve performance, like bridge, curling, golf
tobacco addictions are similar to what addictions ?
addiction to drugs like heroin and cocaine
what is nicotine ?
a parasympathomimetic alkaloid in plants and a stimulant drug
what metabolizes nicotine ?
cytochrome p450 enzymes
what receptors does nicotine work on ?
nicotinic ach receptors
what may be the mechanism of nicotine ? (2)
increasing dopamine in reward center
stimulates release of epinephrine in adrenal medulla
what is the primary side effect of phenylephrine ?
hypertension
what is phenylephrine (action)
a selective a1-adrenergic receptor agonist
what are the 3 uses of phenylephrine ?
nasal decongestant
dilate pupil
increase blood pressure
what is the action of pipradol ?
norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
what food is synephrine found in ?
citrus (orange juice)
what is the generic name for Vicks ?
levmetamphetamine
what is the generic name for Sudafed ?
pseudoephedrine
what is the generic name for Dimetapp?
phenylephrine
what two main stimulants are allowed
caffeine and nicotine
what is the structure of stimulants ?
sympathomimetic amines
what are the general pharmacodynamics of stimulants /sympathomimetic amines ?
interferes with body metabolism of neurotransmitters, or act as agonists of sympathetic receptors
why is it bad to take stimulants if you’re not ill ?
they are usually prescribed to someone at a deficit so if you’re normal then the effect is too high
what can be a beneficial metabolic effect of stimulants ?
glycogen sparing
how are stimulants like sympathomimetic amines different from natural catecholamines ?
amphetamines can easily cross the BBB and increase dopamine and NE as well as prevent reuptake
what are the 2 reasons athletes use amphetamines ?
a very small increase in performance
mask the feelings of fatigue
how do amphetamines compare to cocaine ?
similar but amphetamines last longer
how can we generalize the symptoms of amphetamine use ?
SNS symptoms
lip smacking are a sign of use of which drug ?
amphetamines- dry mouth
what is the effect of amphetamines on sex drive
long term, decreases it
what are the main adverse effects of amphetamines ? (2)
heart stuff, psychosis
what plant is ephedrine derived from
ma-huang
what active ingredients (2) does ma-huang contain ?
ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine
what are the properties of ephedrine ?
sympathomimetic, alpha and beta adrenergic
how does pseudoephedrine affect epinephrine response ?
stimulates adrenaline release
why is pseudoephedrine banned ?
can be made into crystal meth
why will athletes mix ephedrine with caffeine and aspirin ?
caffeine and aspirin inhabit the negative feedback control of ephedrine
what are the supposed ergogenic effects of ephedrine (3)
energy enhancer
fat utilization increase
weight loss
why do energy drinks have high caffeine levels ?
they add pure caffeine and also plant extracts that contain caffeine
what do kola nut, yerba mate, guarana berries, yaupon holly, and guayusa have in common ?
they are plants which use caffeine to kill pest insects and to attract pollinating insecrets
is the amount of caffeine on an energy drink the true amount
no it is higher than indicated
how many cups of strong coffee do you have to drink to be over the collegiate limit for coffee ?
6
what is the structure of caffeine ?
a lipid soluble purine
is caffeine absorbed quickly or slowly
absorbed quickly with peak plasma levels reached within 1h
what is the half life of caffeine
6 hours for levels to reduce in half
what is the effect of coffee on endurance ?
can extend endurance in strenuous aerobic activities if you take 2.5 cups, not more.
in research that tested the effect of coffee on endurance, how long did subjects with coffee sustain an endurance test for compared to the placebo (decaf)
90 minutes compared to 75 minutes
how does caffeine affect muscles ?
acts to enhance exercise capacity
what are the metabolic effects of caffeine ?
provides a similar benefit to a second bout of exercise without taking more caffeine bc it stays in the system
how does caffeine affect fat, carbs, etc
increases fat utilization and reduces carb use
how does caffeine affect electrolyte balance
lower plasma potassium concentration, higher blood glucose levels
what is the mechanism of action of caffeine ? (3)
- increase FFA
- crosses BBB and affects CNS, with analgesic effects reducing perception of effort
- enhances motor neuron excitability
why do people respond inconsistently to caffeine ?
due to their nutritional characteristics
why is it better to take caffeine in pill form ?
components in coffee antagonize the ergogenic effects of caffeine ?
what population will not benefit from caffeine ?what is the solution
habitual users who build up a tolerance . therefore abstain from caffeine 4-6 days before competition
what are the adverse effects of coffee ?
nervousness, poor sleep, etc
why are anabolic agents so easily consumed ?
they are cholesterol based, lipid soluble
what disease or conditions can be treated with testosterone ? (6)
cancer micropenis delayed puberty anemia burns AIDS
how does testosterone affect erythropoesis ?
enhance it
what is erythropoesis ?
Red blood cell production
what are the two ways testosterone is taken ? what are the half lifes ?
orally: short half life (hours)
injected intravenously : longer half life (days)
how is the oral testosterone modified ?
chemically modified to avoid first pass effect and to avoid metabolism in liver
what is the main ergogenic effect of testosterone ?
increases protein synthesis, muscle strength, etc
in who will testosterone be effective ?
in a previously trained athlete who has a good protein diet and training
is overall athletic performance enhanced by testosterone ?
not sure
what are the blood adverse effects of testosterone (2)
increased LDL cholesterol
increased cardiovascular disease
what are the diseases that are adverse effects of testosterone (4)
cardiovascular
jaundice
type II diabetes
sudden cardiac death
what are gender-specific adverse effects of testosterone (3)
aggressive behavior, shrinking testicles, decreased sperm count
how can the face change with testosterone ?
acne
how is human growth hormone taken ? why
injected subcutaneous or intramuscular because it is a polypeptide so subject to first pass effect
what is progeria ?
lack of growth hormone, accelerated aging
what are the pharmacodynamic effects of HGH ? (3)
- promotes protein synthesis
- promotes bone, muscle, etc growth
- promote fats use (spares glycogen)
how does HGH affect athletic performance ?
controversilal
what metabolic condition is associated with growth hormone use ?
diabetes, insulin resistance
what neuromuscular problems are associated with HGH use ?
headache, neuropathy, etc
what growths may prove problematic with HGH use ?
visceral growth but also cranial, bone growth
what are the two main effects of beta 2 agonists ?
stimulant and anabolic
how are b2 agonists anabolic ?
reduces protein degradation
what are the adverse effects of using a masking agent ?
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
in which sports will using a diuretic as a masking agent actually lose performance ?
endurance sports
what is the undesirable effect of using anti inflammatory drugs ?
inhibited immune system (URTI infections)
why is it wrong to just target the athlete for doping ?
because often doping is systematic and state sponsored
what is the thing to do if you catch an athlete doping as an AT?
convince them not to cheat,
educate them on side effects and dangers
and try to get a therapeutic use exemption if justified
