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Neurophysiology test 3 (Final) > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is the basic contractile unit of a muscle

A

sarcomere

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2
Q

sarcomere encompasses an organized bundle of contractile proteins between two______

A

Z-disks

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3
Q

the Z-disks form an anchor point for an array of _____ that extend inward towards the center from both ends

A

actin filaments

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4
Q

_____ are located centrally without extending to either Z-disk

A

myosin filaments

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5
Q

each myosin filament makes multiple contacts with surrounding actin filaments via molecular ______

A

cross-bridges

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6
Q

______ consists of two strands of G-actin monomers which form a helical structure

A

F-actin “thin” filament

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7
Q

_____ and _____ are regulatory protein complexes spaced along the actin filament

A

tropomyosin and troponin

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8
Q

_____ consists of a chain of light meromyosin (tail portion), and heavy meromyosin (S2 region), that terminates in a globular head portion (S1 region)

A

myosin “thick” filament

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9
Q

the ____ region (myosin) serves as a flexible link between the head and tail portions

A

the S2 region

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10
Q

_______ (myosin) contains binding sites for actin and ATP

A

head portion (S1 region)

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11
Q

Cross-bridge interactions between myosin and actin generates ______ ” (force) along the myofibril

A

“active tension

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12
Q

Active tension forces are transmitted from individual sarcomeres linearly from what 2 protiens

A

nebulIN

And titan

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13
Q

Active tension forces are transmitted from individual sarcomeres Laterally between adjacent fibrils from what 2 protiens

A

Destin and skelemin

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14
Q

Active tension forces are transmitted from individual sarcomeres Laterally between Extracellular matrix from what 2 protiens

A

Costumers (dystrophin)

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15
Q

What transfers tension to other sarcomeres

A

Costumers (dystrophin)

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16
Q

actin-myosin binding is regulated by _____

A

calcium

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17
Q

_____ of troponin has a binding site for Ca+

A

he C-subunit

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18
Q

______ between the myosin and actin filaments generates “active” tension within the sarcomeres

A

“cross-bridge cycling”

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19
Q

What are the 4 steps of cross-bridge cycling

A

Formation of the cross-bridge

Rotation of the myosin head

Detachment of myosin head from actin

Resting of the myosin head

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20
Q

this step requires the presence of Ca++, and causes the ADP attached to the myosin head to be released

A

Formation of the cross-bridge

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21
Q

this step serves as the “power stroke” that generates “active tension” within the sarcomere

A

Rotation of the myosin head

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22
Q

this step requires the availability of ATP to bind to the myosin head

A

Detachment of myosin head from actin

23
Q

this step requires the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP

A

Resting of the myosin head

24
Q

The release of ____ triggers recoil

A

ADP

25
Q

at the end of the power stroke, the attached myosin-actin cross-bridge is called the “______

A

rigor complex”

26
Q

without sufficient _____the filaments will remain in this state  rigor

A

ATP

27
Q

the initiation and continuation of cross-bridge cycling is dependent upon _____`

A

Ca++ availability

28
Q

The sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum provide structure for an “_______ that makes Ca++ available

A

activation system”

29
Q

the signal that triggers Ca++ release from the SR is coupled to ______ of the sarcolemma …

A

depolarization

30
Q

receptors are embedded within the T-tubule membrane

A

dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor

31
Q

RyR receptors are embedded e of the terminal cistern within the membran

A

ryanodine (RyR) receptor

32
Q

the ryanodine Ca++ channels remain open for just a brief interva

A

“calcium spark”

33
Q

the quantity of Ca++ released per “spark” remains consistent, regardless of the frequency of repeated “sparks” triggered by _________

A

a train of arriving action potentials

34
Q

cytosolic [Ca++] will vary in proportion to the_____ of action potentials

A

frequency

35
Q

the level of ______ determines the strength of contraction

A

activation

36
Q

the number of cross bridges that form and start cycling

A

Level of activation

37
Q

“pulling force” generated by the stretching of the longitudinal filaments

A

Tension

38
Q

stretching of the longitudinal filaments (nebulin and titan) caused by sarcomere shortening

A

elastic

39
Q

a single action potential will generate a single ______

A

twitch

40
Q

the strength of the _____ contraction is measured as the peak developed tension

A

isometric

41
Q

summation allows the ______ to vary with the frequency of stimulation

A

maximum force

42
Q

reflects an accumulation of cytosolic free Ca++

A

Summation of force

43
Q

Changes in the ______ will also affect the developed force

A

pattern of stimulation

44
Q

one extra impulse inserted into what is otherwise a steady train of action potentials can ______

A

greatly increase the tension

45
Q

one extra impulse at the very start of a train of action potentials can provide _____

A

tension at the very outset of the train

46
Q

one missing impulse in a train of action potentials will _______

A

reduce the tension for the remainder of the train

47
Q

By altering the length you also____

A

Alter the fore

48
Q

Length dependent muscle activation is due to what

A

misaligning myosin heads at crossbridges

49
Q

optimal amount of initial _________ will allow the greatest number of cross-bridges

A

overlap between the actin and myosin filaments that

50
Q

Passive tension, and active force generation by a muscle fiber, are both_____

A

“length dependent”

51
Q

external force pulling against a relaxed muscle generates

A

preload

52
Q

determines the peak force generated by a single twitch by determining the initial overlap between the actin and myosin filaments

A

preload

53
Q

contraction will cause the muscle to shorten only when the active force is greater than the external load

A

afterload

54
Q

The extent to which a muscle will shorten will vary _____ to its afterload

A

inverse

Neurophysiology test 3 (Final) (7 decks)

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