Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Question 1

T/F all of the efferent outflow from the basal ganglia is inhibitory.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All efferent neurons from the basal ganglia are found in what two areas

Answer 2

Globus Pallidus

Substantia nigra par reticularis

Question 3

Outflow from the Globus pallidus is directed where?

Answer 3

Thalamic nuclei

Question 4

Outflow from the Globus pallidus is has what effect on the thalamus

Answer 4

suppresses stimulation from the thalamus to the motor centers

Question 5

Outflow from the substantia nigra is directed where?

Answer 5

Superior Colliculus

Question 6

Lessens the efferent outflow from the basal ganglia to the motor cortex

Answer 6

Direct pathway

Question 7

Strengthens the efferent outflow from the basal ganglia to the motor cortex

Answer 7

Indirect pathway

Question 8

Inhibitory neurons in the striatum are stimulated by ____

Answer 8

Cortical inputs

Question 9

Provides selective disinhibition of thalamocortical circuits

Answer 9

direct pathway

Question 10

___ receptors strengthen the responsiveness of neurons that feed into the direct pathway

Answer 10

D1 receptors

Question 11

___ receptors lessens the responsiveness of neurons that feed into the indirect pathway

Answer 11

D2 receptors

Question 12

Dopaminergic neurons within the basal ganglia serve to modulate the responsiveness of ______ nerurons to cortical inputs

Answer 12

striatal neurons

Question 13

Important in initiation of a movement plan and motor learning

Answer 13

Basal ganglia

Question 14

The Cerebellum receives what kind of information

Answer 14

senorimotor information from the cerebral cortex and

peripheral sensory information reporting on movement

Question 15

Information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum flow through what two nuclei

Answer 15

Pontine nuclei

inferior olive

Question 16

What kind of information doe the cerebellum get from the spinocerebellum

Answer 16

somatosensory and proprioceptive information

Question 17

Vestibular information goes from the vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum via ____

Answer 17

Vestibulocerebellum

Question 18

The efferents from the cerebellar cortex project to what two nuclei

Answer 18

Deep cerebellar nuclei and to the vestibular nuclei

Question 19

Tract that contributes to motor planning by projecting to the pre-motor cortex

Answer 19

Cerebrocerebellum

Question 20

Tract that contributes to motor execution by projecting to motor cortex and brain stem

Answer 20

spinocerebellum

Question 21

Tract that projects to the vestibulocerebellumm to contribute to balance and vestiubulo-ocular reflex

Answer 21

Vestibulocerebellum

Question 22

Where does integration and processing of inputs take place in the cerebellum

Answer 22

Cerebellar cortex

Question 23

Information to the Cerebellum Feeds into _____ which carry efferent signal out from the cortex

Answer 23

Purkinje cells

Question 24

Efferent outflow from purkinje cells is ____ to neurons with in the deep nuclie

Answer 24

inhibitory

Question 25

Purkinje cells project in what plane

Answer 25

Sagittal

Question 26

Input is fed into the purkinje cells via what two ways

Answer 26

Climbing fibers or granule cell projections

Question 27

Granule cells receive excitatory inputs from what kind of fibers?

Answer 27

Mossy fibers

Question 28

Granule cells project to what cells

Answer 28

Purkinje cells

Question 29

Mossy fibers originate from where

Answer 29

pontine nuclei

Question 30

Mossy fibers carry what kind of information to purkinje cells

Answer 30

sensorimotor and motor plan information from the cerebral cortex Sensory information from spinal cord and vestibular nuclei

Question 31

Climbing fibers originate from where?

Answer 31

inferior olivary nucleus

Question 32

Climbing fibers carry what kind of information to purkinje cells

Answer 32

information form cerebral cortex, reticular formation and spinal cord

Question 33

Responsiveness of purkinje cells to mossy fibers is modulated by what two inhibitory interneurons

Answer 33

stellate cells and basket cells

Question 34

Inhibitory interneuron that projects across a row of purkinje cells

Answer 34

basket cells

Question 35

Inhibitory interneuron that projects in all directions but is more focused on a localized group of purkinje cells

Answer 35

Stellate cells

Question 36

Modulate the the frequency of the long trains of action potentials from purkinje cells

Answer 36

Mossy fibers

Question 37

Interrupt the steady frequency generated by purkinje cells by adding complex spikes

Answer 37

Climbing fibers

Question 38

Mossy and climbing fibers inputs are modulated through ____ cirucuits

Answer 38

Recurrent loop circuits

Question 39

Modulate mossy fiber inputs by creating a recurrent loop with granule cells

Answer 39

golgi cells

Question 40

Modulate climbing fiber inputs by creating a recurrent loop with the inferior olivary nucleus

Answer 40

deep cerebellar nuclie that releases inhibitory GABA

Question 41

Cerebrocerebellum recieves input from the cerebral cortext through ____ nuclei

Answer 41

Pontine nuclei

Question 42

Output from the cerebrocerebellum ges through the _____ nucleus

Answer 42

Dentate nucleus

Question 43

From the dentate nucleus, axons are sent to two locations

Answer 43

Contralateral ventrolateral thalamus | Contralateral red nucleus

Question 44

_____ provides corrective control over body and limb movements

Answer 44

spinocerebellum

Question 45

Tract that sends a copy of the information sent to the effector muscles, to the spinocerebellum during motion

Answer 45

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

Question 46

Tract that reports to the spinocerebellum about muscle and joint receptors, regardless of activity

Answer 46

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Question 47

The spinocerebellum takes information from ____ and ____ tracts and compares the inputs to make corrections during movements

Answer 47

Ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts

Question 48

Control eye movements and coordinate movement of the head and eyes

Answer 48

Medial vestibular nucleus

Question 49

Control axial muscles and limb extensors to maintain balance

Answer 49

Lateral vestibular nucleus

Question 50

What kind of cerebellar fibers are associated with motor learning

Answer 50

Climbing fibers

Question 51

In cases of cerebellar disease what are the three deficits that can arise

Answer 51

Hypertonia ataxia intention tremor

Question 52

Diminished resistance to passive limb displacement (over shooting, excessive rebound)

Answer 52

Hypertonia

Question 53

delay in initiation of movement; errors in range and force

Answer 53

Ataxia

Question 54

Errors in position, especially at the end of movements

Answer 54

Intention tremor