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Phase 1 - S2 Musculoskeletal System > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 functions of skeletal muscle

A
  • movement
  • posture
  • joint stability
  • heat generation
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2
Q

what is fasciculation

A

small, local, involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations which may be visible under the skin

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3
Q

what are individual muscle cells wrapped in

A

endomysium

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4
Q

what are fascicles wrapped in

A

perimysium

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5
Q

what is epimysium

A

a CT layer covering skeletal muscle

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6
Q

what are the 3 types of arrangement of skeletal muscle

A
  • circular
  • parallel
  • pennate
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7
Q

describe circular muscle

A
  • A ring like band of muscle (concentrically arranged) that surrounds a bodily opening, constricting and relaxing to control flow (act as a sphincter)
  • attach to skin, ligaments and fascia rather than bone
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8
Q

give a example of a circular muscle

A

orbicularis oris (mouth)

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9
Q

describe parallel skeletal muscle

A
  • fascicles run parallel to eachother
  • the most common type
  • can be strap, fusiform or fan shaped
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10
Q

give an example of each of the 3 different types of parallel skeletal muscle

A

strap - Sartorius
fusiform - biceps brachii
fan shaped - pectoralis major

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11
Q

describe pennate skeletal muscle

A

one or more aponeuroses run through muscle body from tendons and fascicles attach to aponeuroses at an angle

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12
Q

give examples of the 3 different types of pennate skeletal muscle

A
  • unipennate: is where all the fascicles are on the same side of the tendon e.g. extensor digitorum longus
  • bipennate: where the fascicles are on both sides of the tendon e.g. rectus femoris
  • multipennate: central tendon branches e.g. deltoid
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13
Q

what are muscle compartments

A

a section of the body which contains muscles and nerves and is surrounded by fascia

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14
Q

what is compartment syndrome

A

pressure withina compartment increases, restricting the blood flow to the area and potentially damaging the muscles and nearby nerves

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15
Q

what are the 2 different types of compartment syndrome

A
  • acute: caused by injury and needs surgery

- chronic: caused by exercise and goes after a few minutes

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16
Q

what are symptoms of compartment syndrome

A
  • pain
  • paresthesia
  • tense and firmness of compartment
  • swollen, shiny skin
  • prolonged capillary refill
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17
Q

what is used to treat compartment syndrome

A

fasciotomy (cutting the skin and fascia to relive the pressure in the compartment then attaching a skin graft)

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18
Q

what are agonist muscles

A

muscles which are responsible for a particular movement

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19
Q

what are antagonist muscles

A

muscle which oppose agonist muscles

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20
Q

what are synergist muscles

A

muscles which assist agonist muscles but cant act alone

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21
Q

what are neutraliser muscles

A

muscles which prevent unwanted actions that an agonist can perform

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22
Q

what are fixator muscles

A

muscles which immobilise a body part whilst another is moving

23
Q

what are the 2 types of skeletal muscle contraction

A

isotonic and isometric

24
Q

what is isotonic contraction

A

contractions where the muscle fibres change length but done change in tension

25
Q

what are the 2 types of isotonic contraction

A
  • concentric: where the muscle fibres shorten

- eccentric: muscle exerts a force whilst being extended

26
Q

what is isometric contraction

A

where the muscle fibre contracts but remains the same length but have variable tension

27
Q

what is a first class lever

A

where the effort and load are at either ends of the fulcrum

28
Q

what is a fulcrum

A

where a lever is supported

29
Q

what is a second class lever

A

where the fulcrum is at one end and the effort at the other with the load in the middle

30
Q

what is a third class lever

A

where the fulcrum is at one end and the load at the other with the effort in the middle

31
Q

what is rigor mortis

A

when ATP is depleted and the myosin heads cant detach from actin so the muscles are stiff
usually commences 3 hours after death and dissipates after 72 hours reaching maximum stiffness at 12 hours

32
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a motor neurone and the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

33
Q

what is true about the muscle fibres making up a motor unit

A

they are all the same contractile type i.e. each motor unit is slow or fast contracting

34
Q

what are the 3 main types of muscle fibres

A
  • slow type I
  • fast type IIA
  • fast type IIX
35
Q

what do the types of muscle fibres depend on

A

the myosin heavy chain expression

36
Q

which type of skeletal muscle fibre is used in anaerobic glycolysis

A

fast type IIX

37
Q

which skeletal muscle fibre is red

A

type 1 slow

38
Q

which type of muscle fibre is the first to be recruited

A

slow type I

39
Q

which type of skeletal muscle fibre has the highest levels of myoglobin

A

slow type I

40
Q

what 2 things does the contractile force depend on

A

size principle and rate code

41
Q

what is the size principle

A

the smaller motor neurones are recruited before the larger ones

42
Q

what is the rate code

A

the frequency at which a muscle fibre is stimulated by a motor neurone

43
Q

what is tetany

A

muscle spasms due to increased neural excitability

44
Q

what is muscle tone

A

the degree of tension in muscles

45
Q

what does muscle tone depend on

A
  • degree of muscle elasticity

- low levels of motor neurone activity

46
Q

what is hypotonia

A

lack of skeletal muscle tone

47
Q

damage to what causes hypotonia

A

motor cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord or muscle degeneration

48
Q

what is floppy baby syndrome a symptom of

A

hypotonia

49
Q

permeability to which ion is most important for the resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells

A

chloride

50
Q

what is myotonia congenita

A

mutations in chloride channels resulting in stiffness as chloride currents cant be produced

51
Q

what is relaxation of skeletal muscle facilitated by

A

calcium being pumped back into the ER by the SERCA

52
Q

what causes malignant hypothermia

A

anaesthetics blocking neuromuscular junctions so there is an increase in ATP production which releases heat in order for the SERCA to work

53
Q

what are the 4 supplies of ATP

A
  • creatine phosphate
  • aerobic glycolysis
  • anaerobic glycolysis
  • oxidative phosphorylation

Phase 1 - S2 Musculoskeletal System (12 decks)

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