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Phase 1 - S2 Musculoskeletal System > Problems with the upper limb > Flashcards

Problems with the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

how does the blood supply to the scaphoid affect the healing of fractures there

A

the blood supply runs distally to proximally so more proximal fractures are more likely of non union as they receive the least blood

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2
Q

where would pain be experienced in scaphoid fractures

A

in the anatomical snuff box

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3
Q

what is tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of the fluid filled sheaths surrounding a tendon

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4
Q

what are symptoms of tenosynovitis

A

pain, swelling, difficulty moving joint

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5
Q

what test can be used to diagnose tenosynovitis in the wrist

A

Finkelstein’s where the thumb is placed in the closed wrist and tilted down to see if pain is experienced

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6
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

the wearing down of the articular cartilage at joints, narrowing the joint space

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7
Q

what are osteophytes

A

extra bone growths seen in osteoarthritis

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8
Q

what is Dupuytrens disease

A

soft tissue in the palm develops into scar tissue

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9
Q

what causes Dupuytrens disease

A

alcoholic liver disease, epilepsy and diabetes

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10
Q

what does the hand look like in Dupuytrens disease

A

the proximal interphalangeal joints are flexed

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11
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression of the median nerve causing a loss of sensation to the 3 and 1/2 radial fingers and a loss of motor function to the LOAF intrinsic muscles

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12
Q

what are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

paraesthesia, numbness and worsening at night

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13
Q

why don’t you lose sensation to the palm in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

the branch of medial nerve innervating the palm braches off before the tunnel and lie superficial

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14
Q

what is tendon avulsion

A

when the flexor digitorum profundus snaps and takes some bone with it

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15
Q

what happens to the fingers in tendon avulsion

A

they cant bend as the flexor digitorium profundus is not working

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16
Q

what is a boxers fracture

A

where the metacarpals break

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17
Q

what is ulnar claw

A

damage to the ulnar nerve at the wrist affecting the little and ring finger causing hyperextension at the MCP and flexion at the IP joints as these are no longer opposed by the lumbricals

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18
Q

why can fat pad displacement be an indication of fractures

A

the fractures cause effusion of blood from bone which can displace the fat pads

19
Q

what is tennis elbow

A

overuse of the tendons from the extensor muscles attaching to the lateral epicondyle causing pain and inflammation

20
Q

what is golfers elbow

A

overuse of tendons from the flexor muscles attaching to the medial epicondyle causing pain and inflammation

21
Q

what is cubital tunnel syndrome

A

when the ulnar nerve is compressed as it runs between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

22
Q

why doesn’t cubital tunnel syndrome result in a severe ulnar claw

A

as the branch of ulnar nerve supplying the flexor digitorum profundus has not branched at the elbow whereas it has at the wrist

23
Q

what causes cubital tunnel syndrome

A

repeated leaning on the elbows or bending of the elbows

24
Q

what is pulled elbow

A

partial dislocation where the radial head is displaced from the annular ligament distally

25
Q

why does pulled elbow occur in children

A

the annular ligament strengthens with age

26
Q

what is olecranon bursitis

A

when the olecranon bursa becomes inflamed due to repeated injury, one off injury, arthritis or infection

27
Q

what is a colle’s fracture

A

fracture of the distal radius giving a dinner fork deformity of an inward/dorsal displacement

28
Q

what is a smith’s fracture

A

fracture of the distal radius giving a dinner fork deformity of an outward/palmer displacement

29
Q

what is calcium tendinitis

A

when calcium hydroxyapatite deposits cause the collagen tendons in the shoulder joint to ossify

30
Q

what must you be careful about in a mi clavicular fracture

A

that the fracture doesn’t puncture the lung causing a haemothorax

31
Q

where is the lateral and medial ends displaced in a mid clavicular fracture

A
  • distal = inferiorly due to the weight of the arm and pectoralis major
  • medial = superiorly due to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
32
Q

what causes a proximal and mid humerus fracture

A

falling on an outstretched hand

33
Q

what causes an elbow dislocation

A

falling on a flexed elbow

34
Q

what are the 3 types of shoulder dislocation

A

anterior, posterior and inferior

35
Q

what is the most common type of shoulder dislocation

A

anterior as the pull of the muscles and the shallow glenoid fossa make it more prone to dislocation

36
Q

what causes posterior shoulder dislocations

A

epileptic fits or electric shock

37
Q

what nerve is damaged in anterior dislocations

A

axially causing paralysis to the deltoid and teres minor

38
Q

what artery may be damaged in an anterior shoulder dislocation

A

axially artery

39
Q

how will the arm be held in an anterior shoulder dislocation

A

externally rotated and slightly abducted

40
Q

how will the arm be held in a posterior shoulder dislocation

A

internally rotated and adducted

41
Q

what nerve is damaged in a proximal humerus fracture

A

axially

42
Q

what nerve is damaged in a mid humerus fracture

A

radial

43
Q

what is seen in a mid humerus fracture

A

wrist drop as the extensors to the wrist have lost their nerve supply so there’s unopposed flexion

44
Q

what causes a distal humerus fracture

A

falling on a flexed elbow

Phase 1 - S2 Musculoskeletal System (12 decks)

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