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GCSE PE > Skeletal Functions > Flashcards

Skeletal Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Shape and structure
Blood cell production
Storage of minerals
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2
Q

Support

A

The skeleton provides support for the muscles and vital organs; it holds them in place. Without support we would be a mass of soft tissue, unable to move

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3
Q

Example of support

A

The ribs support the intercostal muscles and hold the lungs in place

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4
Q

Protection

A

Bones act as rigid shell to protect the vital organs and CNS because they are soft and easily damaged. During exercise protection is crucial for performance and long term health. It reduces injury.

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5
Q

Example of protection

A

Cranium, a flat bone, protects the brain and spinal column protecting the spinal cord.

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6
Q

Movement

A

Takes place in joints. Bones provide a surface for muscles to attach via tendons. When muscles contract movement occurs.

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7
Q

Example of movement

A

Lifting your leg to run, muscles attached to the femur contract pulling it up.

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8
Q

Shape and structure

A

Without framework, the body would be a mass of soft tissue. The skeleton also provides something for muscles and tendons to attach to. Without shape we would not move.

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9
Q

Example of shape and structure

A

The vertebral column gives the body height

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10
Q

Blood cell reproduction

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced in bone marrow. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight off infection and platelets help blood to clot following an injury

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11
Q

Example of blood cell reproduction

A

Occurs in long bones such as the femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius and ulna

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12
Q

Storage of minerals

A

Calcium and phosphorus along with other minerals are stored in bones. Their role in exercise is linked to general health of an athlete which affects sporting performance as the minerals are necessary for vital body functions.

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13
Q

Example of storage of minerals

A

Calcium and phosphorus are needed for strong teeth and bones but calcium is involved in muscular contractions

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of bones in the body?

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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15
Q

List the long bones

A 
Arms - Humerus
             Radius
             Ulna
             Metacarpals
             Phalanges
Legs - Femur
            Tibia
            Fibula
            Metatarsals
            Phalanges
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16
Q

Function of long bones

A

Enable gross movement
Generate speed and strength
Produce blood cells

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17
Q

List the shorts bones

A

Hands - Carpals

Feet - Tarsals
Talus

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18
Q

Function of short bones

A

Finer movement
Shock absorption
Weight bearing

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19
Q

List the flat bones

A 
Cranium
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs
Pelvis
Sacrum
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20
Q

Function of the flat bones

A

Large

Protects vital organs

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21
Q

List the irregular bones

A

Vertabrae

Patella

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22
Q

Function of the irregular bones

A

Shapes and supports the body

Protects spinal cord

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23
Q

What are the 3 classifications of joints?

A

Fixed/fibrous
Slightly movable/cartilaginous
Freely movable/synovial

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24
Q

Fixed joint

A

No movement

Known as fibrous joints as the fibres hold the joint together (fuse)

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25
Q

Slightly movable joint

A

Gaps between the bones usually filed with cartilage (hence the name cartilaginous joints)
Absorb considerable loads
Small movement

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26
Q

Free movable joints

A 
Allow movement in one or more directions
Called synovial due to the synovial fluid within the joint to lubricate it
Most common joint
Reduce wear and tear
Absorb shock
Reduce friction
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27
Q

Example of fibrous joints

A

Cranium

Coccyx

28
Q

Example of cartilaginous joints

A

Vertabral column

The joint of the Ribs and the sternum which move during breathing

29
Q

Example of synovial joints

A 
Shoulder
Elbow
Knee
Hip
Ankle
Fingers
Wrist
Neck
Thumb
30
Q

List the 6 synovial joints

A 
Ball and socket - hip and shoulders
Pivot - neck
Hinge - elbow, knee and fingers
Condyloid - wrist
Saddle - thumb
Gliding - ankle
31
Q

Ball and socket

A

Round end of the bone fits into the cup shaped socket of another, allowing movement in all directions (greatest range of movement).

32
Q

Pivot

A

A ring of bones fits over a peg of another to allow controlled rotation movement

33
Q

Hinge

A

Allows movement in one direction (open and close a joint)

34
Q

Condyloid

A

Modified version of the ball and socket, one bone sits on another allowing movement backwards and from side to side . Ligaments often prevent rotation.

35
Q

Saddle

A

Similar to condyloid joint but the surfaces are concave and convex. Movement occurs backwards and forwards side to side.

36
Q

Gliding

A

Allow limited movement over a flat surface in all directions.

37
Q

What makes up a synovial joint?

A 
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Bursae
38
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lining inside the joint capsule which lubricates the joint as it secretes (releases) synovial fluid

39
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Fills the joint capsule and lubricates and nourishes the joint stops them rubbing together

40
Q

Joint capsule

A

Tissue that stops the synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bone together.

41
Q

Cartilage

A

Cushions the joint. Acts as a buffer between the bones. Found at the end of the bones.

42
Q

Ligaments

A

Tough bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement.

43
Q

Tendons

A

Very strong non elastic cords that attach muscle to bone.

44
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid filled sac floating between the tendon and the bone which reduces friction.

45
Q

Name the 3 connective tissues

A

Tendons
Cartilage
Ligaments

46
Q

Origin tendon

A

The place where the muscle is attached to the stationary bone

47
Q

Insertion

A

The place where the muscles attaches to the moving bone(s)

48
Q

7 types of movement

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Plantar Flexion
Dorsi Flexion
49
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing an angle at a joint bending or closing at a joint

50
Q

Extension

A

Increasing an angle at a joint straightening down to 180° considered as opening a joint

51
Q

Abduction

A

Moving limbs away from the midline of the body

52
Q

Adduction

A

Moving the limbs towards the centre/midline of the body

53
Q

Rotation

A

When the limbs move in a circular motion

54
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Flexes downwards increasing the angle (pointing your foot down)

55
Q

Dorsi Flexion

A

Flexes upwards decreasing the angle (pointing your foot up)

56
Q

4 muscle types found in the body

A

Cardiac
Involuntary
Voluntary
Fixator

57
Q

Cardiac

A

Unique to the heart the heart contracts and relaxes continuosly without conscious control or effort

58
Q

Involuntary

A

The body’s involuntary muscles work our internal organs. They are outside our control.

59
Q

Voluntary

A

They are attached to the skeleton and can be controlled. They have fast and slow twitch fibres.

60
Q

What are the 2 types of muscular contraction?

A

Isometric - The muscle stays the same length when the activity is being carried out tension occurs but there is NO movement

Isotonic - A muscular contraction where movement occurs and the agonist muscle changes length

61
Q

Types of isotonic contraction

A

Concentric - muscle shortens

Eccentric - Muscle lengthens under tension contractions usually occur against gravity acting as a brake NOT relaxing.

62
Q

Antagonist pairs of muscles

A

Pairs of muscles that create movement.
Agonists:
Muscle Shortens
Prime mover

Antagonist:
Muscle lengthens
Muscle Relaxes

63
Q

Fixator

A

Stabilise a joint

64
Q

Example of a voluntary muscle

A

Your arm catching a ball

65
Q

Example of a involuntary muscle

A

Your liver

66
Q

Example of a fixator muscle

A

Rotator cuff as it stabilises the bicep

GCSE PE (4 decks)

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