Skeletal and muscular systems

Question 1

joint

Answer 1

an area of the body where 2 or more bones articulate to create human movement

Question 2

ligament

Answer 2

a tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Question 3

articular cartilage

Answer 3

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction free movement

Question 4

synovial joint

Answer 4

allow free movement

Question 5

sagittal plane

Answer 5

divides body into left and right parts

Question 6

frontal plane

Answer 6

divides the body into front and back parts

Question 7

transverse plane

Answer 7

divides body into upper and lower parts

Question 8

pivot joint

Answer 8

a rounded bone articulates with a ring-shaped bone which restricts motion to one plane

Question 9

ball and socket joint

Answer 9

ball-shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give large range of motion in al three planes

Question 10

hinge joint

Answer 10

a cylindrical bone articulates with a trough-shaped bone help tightly by ligaments which limit sideways movement, motion restricted to one plane

Question 11

condyloid joint

Answer 11

flatter bone surface to allow motion in 2 planes

Question 12

flexion

Answer 12

decreases the joint angle

Question 13

extension

Answer 13

increases joint angle

Question 14

doris-flexion

Answer 14

ankle joint as the toes move up

Question 15

plantar flexion

Answer 15

ankle joint the toes move down

Question 16

abduction

Answer 16

limbs away from the midline of the body

Question 17

adduction

Answer 17

limbs towards the midline of the body

Question 18

rotation

Answer 18

articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action

Question 19

tendon

Answer 19

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

Question 20

origin

Answer 20

the point of muscular attachment to stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction

Question 21

insertion

Answer 21

the point of muscular attachment to movable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular conraction

Question 22

agonist

Answer 22

muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint

Question 23

antagonist

Answer 23

muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement

Question 24

fixator

Answer 24

muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves

Question 25

isotonic contraction

Answer 25

muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction

Question 26

concentric contraction

Answer 26

muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension

Question 27

eccentric contraction

Answer 27

muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tensions

Question 28

isometric contraction

Answer 28

muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension

Question 29

DOMS - delayed onset muscle soreness

Answer 29

pain and stiffness felt in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise associated with eccentric contractions

Question 30

motor neuron

Answer 30

a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

Question 31

motor unit

Answer 31

a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

Question 32

action potential

Answer 32

positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

Question 33

all-or-none law

Answer 33

depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

Question 34

slow oxidative muscle fibres

Answer 34

rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time

Question 35

fast glycolytic muscle fibres

Answer 35

rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time

Question 36

fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres

Answer 36

designed to produce a large amount of force quickly, however they also have the capacity to resist fatigue

Question 37

work: relief ratio

Answer 37

the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed