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Alevel Pe OCR > Cardiovascular and respiratory systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

circulation of blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and pulmonary veins back to the heart

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2
Q

Systemic circuit

A

circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cavae back to the heart

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3
Q

SA node

A

generates electrical impulses, causing atria walls to contract.

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4
Q

Bundle of His

A

located in the septum, this splits the impulse in two, ready to be distributed to the ventricles

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5
Q

AV node

A

this collects the impulses and delays it by 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to finish contracting

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6
Q

Bundle branches

A

carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle

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7
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

distribute the impulse through the ventricles walls, causing them to contract

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8
Q

Diastole

A

the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where chambers fill with blood

  • low pressure
  • Av valves open
  • semilunar valves are closed
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9
Q

Systole

A

the contraction phase of cardiac muscle where blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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10
Q

Atrial Systole

A

atria contact, forcing blood into the ventricles

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11
Q

Ventricular systole

A

ventricles and AV valves close/contract, blood is pushed out of the ventricles leaving the heart

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12
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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13
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

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14
Q

Venous return

A

the return of the blood to the right atrium through the veins

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15
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism

A

increased venous return leads to increased SV, due to an increased stretch of the ventricular walls and therefore force of contraction

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16
Q

Cardiac control centre

A

a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation

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17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise

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18
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of the autonomic system responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery

19
Q

Proprioceptors

A

in muscles, tendons and joints, these inform the CCC that movement had increased

20
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

located in the aorta and carotid arteries, these detect a decrease in blood pH due to an increase of lactic acid

21
Q

Baroreceptors

A

located in blood vessel walls, these inform the CCC of increased blood pressure

22
Q

Arteries and arterioles

A

carry oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs

23
Q

Capillaries

A

gas exchange takes place

24
Q

Veins and venules

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart

25
Q

Venous return mechanisms

A 
pocket valves
smooth muscle
gravity
muscle pump
respiratory pump
26
Q

Vasodilation

A

widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

27
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

28
Q

Venodilation

A

widening of the veins and venules

29
Q

Venoconstriction

A

narrowing of the veins and venules

30
Q

Vascular shunt mechanism

A

the redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the % of blood flow tot he skeletal muscles

31
Q

Pre-capillary sphincter

A

rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries, which can dilate or constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed

32
Q

Vasomotor control centre

A

located in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution

33
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

the movement of O2 from the alveoli into the blood stream and CO2 from the blood stream into the alveoli

34
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing of air into and out of the lungs

35
Q

Breathing rate

A

the number of inspirations or expirations per minute

36
Q

Tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per breathe

37
Q

Minute ventilation

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

38
Q

External intercoastal muscles inspiration rest

A

contract pulling chest walls up and out during rest

39
Q

External intercoastal muscles expiration rest

A

relax so that the chest walls move in and down

40
Q

Internal intercoastal muscles expiration exercise

A

contract and pull ribs down and in

41
Q

Diffusion gradient

A

difference between high and low pressure

42
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

a graph showing the relationship between pO2 and % saturation of haemoglobin

43
Q

Bohr Shift

A

a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream

44
Q

Effects of Bohr Shift

A

increased blood and muscle temperature
increased pp of CO2
increased production of lactic acid and carbonic acid

Alevel Pe OCR (5 decks)

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