Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Question 1

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 1

circulation of blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and pulmonary veins back to the heart

Question 2

Systemic circuit

Answer 2

circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cavae back to the heart

Question 3

SA node

Answer 3

generates electrical impulses, causing atria walls to contract.

Question 4

Bundle of His

Answer 4

located in the septum, this splits the impulse in two, ready to be distributed to the ventricles

Question 5

AV node

Answer 5

this collects the impulses and delays it by 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to finish contracting

Question 6

Bundle branches

Answer 6

carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle

Question 7

Purkinje fibres

Answer 7

distribute the impulse through the ventricles walls, causing them to contract

Question 8

Diastole

Answer 8

the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where chambers fill with blood

• low pressure
• Av valves open
• semilunar valves are closed

Question 9

Systole

Answer 9

the contraction phase of cardiac muscle where blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 10

Atrial Systole

Answer 10

atria contact, forcing blood into the ventricles

Question 11

Ventricular systole

Answer 11

ventricles and AV valves close/contract, blood is pushed out of the ventricles leaving the heart

Question 12

Stroke volume

Answer 12

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

Question 13

Cardiac output

Answer 13

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute

Question 14

Venous return

Answer 14

the return of the blood to the right atrium through the veins

Question 15

Frank-Starling mechanism

Answer 15

increased venous return leads to increased SV, due to an increased stretch of the ventricular walls and therefore force of contraction

Question 16

Cardiac control centre

Answer 16

a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation

Question 17

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

part of the autonomic system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise

Question 18

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

part of the autonomic system responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery

Question 19

Proprioceptors

Answer 19

in muscles, tendons and joints, these inform the CCC that movement had increased

Question 20

Chemoreceptors

Answer 20

located in the aorta and carotid arteries, these detect a decrease in blood pH due to an increase of lactic acid

Question 21

Baroreceptors

Answer 21

located in blood vessel walls, these inform the CCC of increased blood pressure

Question 22

Arteries and arterioles

Answer 22

carry oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs

Question 23

Capillaries

Answer 23

gas exchange takes place

Question 24

Veins and venules

Answer 24

carry deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart

Question 25

Venous return mechanisms

Answer 25

``` pocket valves smooth muscle gravity muscle pump respiratory pump ```

Question 26

Vasodilation

Answer 26

widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

Question 27

Vasoconstriction

Answer 27

narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

Question 28

Venodilation

Answer 28

widening of the veins and venules

Question 29

Venoconstriction

Answer 29

narrowing of the veins and venules

Question 30

Vascular shunt mechanism

Answer 30

the redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the % of blood flow tot he skeletal muscles

Question 31

Pre-capillary sphincter

Answer 31

rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries, which can dilate or constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed

Question 32

Vasomotor control centre

Answer 32

located in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution

Question 33

Gaseous exchange

Answer 33

the movement of O2 from the alveoli into the blood stream and CO2 from the blood stream into the alveoli

Question 34

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 34

breathing of air into and out of the lungs

Question 35

Breathing rate

Answer 35

the number of inspirations or expirations per minute

Question 36

Tidal volume

Answer 36

the volume of air inspired or expired per breathe

Question 37

Minute ventilation

Answer 37

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 38

External intercoastal muscles inspiration rest

Answer 38

contract pulling chest walls up and out during rest

Question 39

External intercoastal muscles expiration rest

Answer 39

relax so that the chest walls move in and down

Question 40

Internal intercoastal muscles expiration exercise

Answer 40

contract and pull ribs down and in

Question 41

Diffusion gradient

Answer 41

difference between high and low pressure

Question 42

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 42

a graph showing the relationship between pO2 and % saturation of haemoglobin

Question 43

Bohr Shift

Answer 43

a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream

Question 44

Effects of Bohr Shift

Answer 44

increased blood and muscle temperature increased pp of CO2 increased production of lactic acid and carbonic acid