Skeletal Flashcards
1
Q
Periosteum
A
tough; fibrous tissue covering the outermost part of the bone
2
Q
Compact (cortical) none
A
dense, hard bone that forms a protective outer layer
3
Q
Spongy (cancellous) bone
A
lighter, not as strong
- contains red bone marrow
4
Q
medullary cavity
A
central cavity of the shaft, contains red and yellow bone marrow
5
Q
endosteum
A
tissue that line the medullary cavity
6
Q
red bone marrow
A
a hematopoietic tissue that produces red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells and thrombocytes
7
Q
hemopoietic (hematopoietic)
A
pertaining to the formation of red blood cells
8
Q
yellow bone marrow
A
a fat storage area
9
Q
cartilage
A
a smooth, rubbery connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones (makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton like the outer ear and the tip of the nose)
10
Q
articular cartilage
A
covers the surface of bones where they form joints
- protects joints from rubbing against each other, allows for smooth movement
11
Q
meniscus
A
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints (e.g. the knee, jaw)
12
Q
Diaphysis
A
the shaft of the long bone
13
Q
epiphysis
A
the ends of the long bone
14
Q
foramen
A
an opening in the bone that allows blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments to pass
15
Q
process
A
a surface of the bone that acts as an attachment for muscles or tendons
16
Q
joints (articulations)
A
the union point of two or more bones
17
Q
fibrous joint
A
holds bones tightly together with dense layers of connective tissue
- known as sutures in an adult
- newborns have soft fibrous joints
18
Q
fontanelles
A
soft spots of a newborn’s skull
19
Q
cartilaginous joint
A
allows minimal movement, consist of bones connected completely by cartilage (e.g. where the ribs connect to the sternum, pubic symphysis)
20
Q
synovial joint
A
points where two bones articulate to allow a variety of motion
- described based on their type of motion
21
Q
ball and socket joint
A
allows a wider range of movement (e.g. shoulders and hips)
22
Q
hinge joint
A
allows movement in a single direction/plane (e.g. elbows, knees)
23
Q
synovial capsule
A
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint like a sleeve
24
Q
synovial membrane
A
lines the synovial capsule, secretes synovial fluid
25
synovial fluid
a lubricant within the synovial capsule that allows for smooth movement
26
ligaments
bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to each other, or bones to cartilage
- complex hinge joints have many ligaments that allow for a range of motion (e.g. knee)
27
bursa
fibrous sac that cushions and reduces friction in a joint where a tendon passes over a bone (e.g. shoulder, elbow, knee)
28
axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the neurological, respiratory, and circulatory system
29
appendicular skeleton
allows movement, and protects the major organ of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
30
bones of the skull
28 bones
31
cranium
made of eight bones; part of skull that encloses and protects the brain
32
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium, that forms the forehead
33
parietal bones
forms roof and upper sides of cranium; two of the largest skull bones
34
occipital bones
forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium
35
temporal bone
forms sides and the base of cranium
36
external auditory meatus
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
37
sphenoid bone
irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull; forms the base of the cranium, and the floors and sides of the eye sockets
38
ethmoid bone
light, spongy bone on roof and sides of nose
- forms a portion of each orbit (bony socket that surrounds eyeballs)
39
Auditory ossicles
3 tiny bones in each middle ear
- malleus, incus, and stapes
40
bones of the face
14 bones
41
sinuses
air filled cavities
42
nasal bones
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
43
zygomatic bones
(cheekbones) articulate with the frontal bone
44
maxillary bones
(maxillae) form most of the upper jaw
45
palatine bones
form anterior part of hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
46
lacrimal bones
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
47
inferior conchae
thing, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
48
vomer bone
forms the base of the nasal septum
49
nasal septum
cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities
50
mandible
(jawbone) the only movable bone of the skull
- attached to the skull at the temporomandibular join (TMJ)
51
Thoracic cavity
(rib cage)
bony structure that protects the heat and lungs
52
ribs
12 pairs of ribs (costals) attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
- true ribs: first seven pairs of ribs; attach anteriorly to the sternum
- false ribs: next three pairs of ribs; attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum
- floating ribs: last two pairs of ribs; attach posteriorly to the vertebrae
53
sternum
(breast bone)
flat, dagger-shaped bone in the middle of the chest
54
manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
55
body of the sternum
bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
56
Xiphoid process
structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
57
acromion
extension of the scapular that forms the high point of the shoulder
58
humerus
the bone of the upper arm
59
radius
the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm; runs up the thumb side of the forearm
60
ulna
the larger and longer bone of the forearm
61
olecranon process
(funny bone)
large projection on the upper end of the ulna
62
carpals
bones that form the wrist
63
metacarpals
five bones that form the palms of the hand
64
phalanges
14 bones of the finger
65
spinal column
protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
66
body of the vertebra
anterior portion of the vertebra that provides strength
67
lamina
posterior portion of a vertebra that provides strength
68
vertebral foramen
opening in the middle of the vertebra, allowing the spinal cord to pass through
69
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage; separates and cushions vertebrae from each other
70
vertical vertebrae
first set of 7 vertebrae, forming the neck
71
thoracic vertebrae
known as T1 and T12; second set of 12 vertebrae
72
Lumbar vertebrae
known as L1 through L5 ; third set of 5 vertebrae
73
Sacrum
slightly curved, triangular-shape bone near the base of the spine
74
Coccyx
(tailbone)
forms the end of the spine
75
pelvic girdle
(pelvis, hips)
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
76
ilium
broad blade-sahped bone that forms back and sides of pubic bone
77
Sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
78
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone
79
pubis
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone; located just below the urinary bladder
80
pubic bones
made of the ilium, ischium, and pubic, which fuse together as a child matures
81
Pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
82
acetabulum
(hip socket)
large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulate with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
83
femurs
largest bones in the body
84
head of the femur
articulates with the acetabulum
85
femoral neck
narrow area below the head of the femur
86
patella
(kneecap)
bpny anterior portion of the knee
87
tibia
(shibone)
larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
88
fibula
smaller than the tibia
89
tarsal
seven short bones similar but larger than wrist bones
90
malleolus
rounded Bondy projection of tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
91
talus
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
92
calcaneus
(heel bone)
the largest of the tarsal bones
93
metatarsals
five bones that form the part of the foot that attaches to the toes
94
phalanges
bones of the toes
95
chiropractor
specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders resulting from a misaligned spine (manual adjusting of the vertebrae)
96
osteopath
uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in trating health problems by spinal manipulation
97
podiatrist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
98
rheumatologist
specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and joint/connective tissue inflammation disorders
99
ankylosis
loss/absense of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
100
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
101
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
102
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
103
chondroma
a slow-growing, benign derived from cartilage cells
104
costochondrities
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rub to the sternum
105
hallux valgus
(bunion)
an abnormal enlargement of the joints at the base of the great toe
106
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint, often due to a joint injury
107
polymyalgia rheumatica
a geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles of joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, and thighs
108
sprain
occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or town
109
synovitis
inflammationn of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and paint of the affected joint
110
dislocation
(luxation)
total displacement of a bone from its joint
111
sublaxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
112
arthritis
an inflammatory condition of one or more joints
113
osteoarthritis
most commonly associated with aging
wear-and-tear arthritis
114
spondylosis
(spinal osteoarthritis)
degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
115
gouty arthritis
type of arthritis characterized by deposits or uric acid in the joints
116
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder
117
ankylosing spondylitis
a form of rheumatoid arthrtis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
118
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder that affects children under 16 that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed, growth, and fatigue
119
herniated disk
the breaking apart of an invertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
120
lumbago
pain of the lumbar region of the spine
121
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebraee of the vertebrae or sacrum below it
122
spina bifida
congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
123
kyphosis
(humpback; dowager's hump)
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
124
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
125
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
126
craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to premature closure of cranial sutures
127
fibrous dysplasia
replaces normal bone structure with fibrous (scarlike) tissue
128
ostealgia
pain in a bone
129
osteitis
inflammation in a bone
130
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bones adults
131
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent
132
osteonecrosis
death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply
133
Paget's disease
a bone disease of unknown cause
(osteitis deformans)
134
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum; often associated with shin splints
135
rickets
a deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth; results from a vitamin D deficiency
(infantile osteomalacia)
136
short stature
a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
(formally dwarfism)
137
talipes
any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
(clubfoot)
138
primary bone
relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
139
secondary bone cancer
tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs
140
myeloma
occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
141
osteochondroma
a benign bony projection covered with cartilage (exostosis, exostoses)
142
osteoporosis
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity (associated with aging)
143
osteopenia
thinner-than-average bone density
144
compression fracture
occurs when the bone is compressed on itself
145
closed fracture
a broken bone with no open wound
146
open fracture
a broken bone with an open wound
147
comminuted fracture
a splintered or crushed bone
148
greenstick fracture
a bent, partially broken bone
(incomplete)
149
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
150
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
151
spiral fracture
a twisted-apart bone
152
stress fracture
a small crack in the bone
153
transverse fracture
straight across the bone
154
fat embolus
can from when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
155
crepitation
the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
156
callus
as the bone heals, forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break
157
radiograph (x-ray)
x-radiation to visualize bone fractured and other abnormalities
158
arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope
159
bone marrow biopsy
diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types/numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count
160
bone marrow aspiration
withdrawal of liquid bone marrow using a syringe
161
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
162
bone scans and arthrocentesis
additional diagnostic procedures
163
ultrasonic bone density testing
screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
164
dual x-ray absorptiometry
low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
165
allogenic
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor
166
autologous
uses own bone marrow cells
167
orthotic
mechanical appliance designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
168
prosthesis
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part
169
arthrodesis
the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
170
arthrolysis
the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
171
arthroscopic surgery
minimally-invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
172
chondroplasty
the surgical repair of damaged cartilage
173
synovectomy
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
174
viscosupplementation
injection of preparation of hyaluronic acid and related compounds to a joint
175
joint replacement
prosthesis commonly referred to as an implant
176
total knee replacement
all parts of the knee are replaced (total knee arthroplasty)
177
partial knee replacement
only part of the knee is replaced
178
total hip replacement
restores a damaged hip to full function (total hip arthroplasty)
179
hip resurfacing
alternative to removing the head of the femur
180
revision surgery
replacement of a worn or failed implant
181
percutaneous discectomy
treats a herniated intervertebral disk
182
percutaneous vertebroplasty
treats osteoporosis-related compression fractures
183
laminectomy
surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
184
spinal fusion
immobilizes part of the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae
185
craniectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the skull
186
craniotomy
a surgical incision or opening into the skull
187
cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull
188
osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
189
ostectomy
surgical removal of bone
190
osteoplasty
surgical repair of a bone or bones
191
osteorrhaphy
surgical suturing (wiring together) og bones
192
osteotomy
surgical cutting of a bone
193
periosteotomy
an incision through the periosteum to the bone
194
closed reduction
attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
195
open reduction
surgical procedure to realign bone part
196
immobilization
holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast (stabilization)
197
traction
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
198
external fixation
pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so an external appliance can hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
199
internal fixation
a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place
