Overview of the body Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy
A
study of the structures of the body
2
Q
physiology
A
study of the functions of the structures of the body
physi: nature or physical
3
Q
anatomic position
A
describes body standing in standard position
4
Q
body planes
A
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
5
Q
the vertical plane
A
an up and down plane that is at a right angle to the horizontal
6
Q
sagittal plane
A
vertical plane dividing the body into unequal left and right parts
7
Q
midsagittal plane
A
also known as midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
8
Q
frontal plane (coronal plane)
A
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
9
Q
horizontal plane
A
a flat crosswire plane, such as the horizon
10
Q
transverse plane
A
horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
11
Q
ventral
A
refers to the front or belly side of the organ or body
12
Q
dorsal
A
back of the organ or body
13
Q
anterior
A
situated in the front; the front or forward part of an organ
14
Q
posterior
A
situated in the back, the back part of an organ
15
Q
superior
A
uppermost, above or toward the head
16
Q
inferior
A
lowermost below or toward the feet
17
Q
cephalic
A
towards the head
18
Q
caudal
A
towards the lower part of the body
19
Q
proximal
A
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
20
Q
distal
A
situated farthest from midline or beginning of body structure
21
Q
medial
A
the direction toward, or nearer the midline
22
Q
lateral
A
the direction toward or nearer the side of the body, away from midline
23
Q
bilateral
A
relating to, or having, two sides
24
Q
peritoneum
A
multilayered membrane that protects and holds organs in place in the abdominal cavity
25
parietal peritoneum
outer layer of peritoneum; inner interior of abdominal wall
26
mesentery
fused double layer of parietal peritoneum; attaches parts of intestine to interior abdominal wall
27
visceral peritoneum
inner layer of peritoneum that surrounds organs in abdominal cavity
28
retroperitoneal
behind the peritoneum
29
body cavities
spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
30
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into 2 portions
31
cranial cavity
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
32
spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
33
ventral cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
34
homeostasis
the process through which body maintains constant internal environment
35
regions of the thorax and abdomen
divides abdomen and lower portion of thorax into nine parts
36
right and left hypochondriac regions
covered by lower ribs
37
epigastric region
above the stomach
38
right and left lumbar regions
near the inward curve of the spine
39
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus
40
right and left iliac regions
located over the hip bones
41
hypogastric region
below the stomach
42
cytology
study of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of cells
43
Huntington's disease
nerve degeneration resulting in uncontrolled movements and loss of mental abilities
44
hemophilia
missing blood-clotting factor; spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding after an injury
45
muscular dystrophy
progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles
46
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase missing; can cause sever mental retardation
47
Tay-Sachs disease
fatal; fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells; progressive blindness, paralysis, and early death
48
tissues
group or layer of similarly specialized cells perform specific functions
49
histology
study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
50
epithelial tissues
forms protective coverings for internal and external surfaces of the body; also forms glands
51
epithelium
forms epidermis of skin and surface layer of mucous membranes
52
endothelium
lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
53
connective tissues
supports and connects organs and other body tissues
54
dense connective tissues
includes bone and cartilage; forms joints and framework of the body
55
adipose tissue
fat; protective padding, insulation, support
56
loose connective tissue
surrounds various organs and supports nerve cells and blood vessels
57
liquid connective tissue
(blood and lymph) transports nutrients and waste products
58
muscle tissue
contains cells that can contract and relax
59
nerve tissue
contains cells that react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
60
aplasia
defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue
61
Hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue; usually caused by deficiency in cell count
62
anaphasia
change in structure of cells and their orientation to each other
- characteristic of tumour formation in cancer
63
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissue, or organs
64
hyperplasia
enlargement of an organ or tissue; caused by increase in number of cells in the tissues
65
hypertrophy
general increase in bulk of body part or organ due to increase in size but not number of cells
66
gland
group of epithelial cells capable of producing secretions
67
secreation
substance produced by a gland
68
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts leading to other organs or out of the body (e.g. sweat glands)
69
endocrine glands
produces and secretes hormones directly into bloodstream for transport throughout the body
70
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
71
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor originating from glandular tissue
72
adenoma
benign tumor arising in or resembling glandular tissue
73
adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
74
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
75
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
76
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
77
endocrine system
a network of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate various bodily functions
- including group, development, metabolism, reproduction
78
pathology
study of disease (nature, cause, and changes in structure and function)
79
Etiology
study of the causes of diseases
80
pathogen
disease-producing microorganism (e.g. virus)
81
transmission
spread of a disease
82
contamination
possible presence of a pathogen (caused by poor hygiene or lack of appropriate infection control)
83
communicable disease
(contagious) transmitted via contaminated objects
84
indirect contact transmission
transmitted by contact with a contaminated surface
85
bloodborne transmission
transmitted via contact with blood or bodily fluids contaminated with blood
86
airborne transmission
transmitted via contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by cough/sneeze (e.g. tuberculosis, flu, colds, measles)
87
food-borne and waterborne transmission
(fecal-oral) transmitted by eating or drinking improperly treated contaminated food or water
88
vector-borne tranmission
transmitted via vector bites (e.g. mosquitoes, flies mites, fleas)
89
epidemiologist
specialist in study of outbreaks of disease
90
endemic
ongoing presence of disease within a population/area
91
epidemic
sudden, widespread outbreak of disease within a population/area
92
pandemic
outbreak of disease occuring over a large geographic area
93
functional disorder
produces symptoms with no apparent cause
94
latrogenic illness
unfavorable response to prescribed medical treatment
95
idiopathic disorder
illness without known cause
96
infectious disease
illness caused by living pathogenic organisms
97
nosocomial infection
disease acquired in hospital or clinical setting
98
organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body
99
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at birth
100
atresia
congenital absence of a normal body opening or failure of a structure to be tubular
101
rubella
infection that can be passed down genetically
102
fetal alcohol syndrome
caused by mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
103
cerebral palsy
can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during birth
104
internist
specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders of infants and children
105
hospitalist
general medical care of hospitalized patients
