Skeletal Flashcards
ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff
arthr/o
joint
chondr/i, chondr/o
cartilage
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
-desis
to bind, tie together
kyph/o
bent, hump
lord/o
curve, swayback, bent
-lysis
loosening or setting free
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone
scoli/o
curved, bent
spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
synovi/o, synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
-um
singular noun ending
Structures and functions of the skeletal system
provide the framework for the body; support and protect internal organs; joints, in conjugation with muscles, ligaments, and tendons, allow for a wide range of movement; calcium storage (required for nerve and muscle function); formation of red blood cells
Ossification
process of which bones are formed when cartilage and membranes from birth are converted to bone
Osteoclats
break down old/damaged bone
Osteoblasts
form new bone
Periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue covering the outermost part of the bone
Compact (cortical) bone
dense, hard bone that forms a protective outer layer
Spongy (cancellous) bone
lighter, not as strong; contains red bone marrow
Medullary cavity
central cavity of the shaft, contains red and yellow bone marrow
Endosteum
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
Red bone marrow
a hemopoietic tissue that produces red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
Hemopoietic (hematopoietic)
pertaining to the formation of red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
a fat storage area
Cartilage
a smooth, rubbery connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones; makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton (outer ear, tip of nose)
Articular cartilage
covers the surface of bones where they form joints; protects joints from rubbing against each other, allows for smooth movement
Meniscus
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints (ex. knee, jaw)
Diaphysis
the shaft of the long bone
Epiphysis
the ends of the long bone
Foramen
an opening in the bone that allows blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments to pass
Process
a surface of the bone that acts as an attachment for muscles or tendons
Joints (articulations)
the union point of two or more bones; classified by construction or the degree of movement they allow
Fibrous joint
holds bones tightly together with dense layers of connective tissue; in adults they are immoveable, and in newborns, they are soft and often moveable before they solidify
Sutures
immovable fibrous joints in adults
Fontanelles
(soft spots) of a newborn’s skull
Cartilaginous joint
allows minimal movement, consist of bones connected completely by cartilage (ex. where the ribs connect to the sternum, pubic symphysis)
Synovial joint
points where two bones articulate to allow a variety of motion; described based on their type of motion
Ball and socket joint
allows a wide range of movement (ex. shoulders, hips)
Hinge joint
allows movement in a single direction/plane (ex. elbows, knees)
Synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong, fibrous tissue that surrounds the joints like a sleeve
Synovial membrane
lines the synovial capsule, secretes synovial fluid
Ligaments
bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to each other, or bones to cartilage; complex hinge joints have many ligaments that allow for a range of motion (ex. knee)
Bursa
fibrous sac that cushions and reduces friction in a joint where a tendon passes over a bone (ex. shoulder, elbow, knee)
Axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the neurological, respiratory and circulatory system; consists of 80 bones in the head and trunk (bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, rib cage, and the vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
allows movement, and protects the major organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction; consists of 126 bones in the extremities, including upper extremities (arms, wrists, hands) and lower extremities (legs, ankles, feet)
of bones in the skull
28 bones
Cranium
made of 8 bones; part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain; joined by sutures
Frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium, that forms the forehead
Parietal bones
forms roof and upper sides of cranium; two of the largest skull bones
Occipital bone
forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium
Temporal bone
forms sides and the base of cranium
External auditory meatus
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
Sphenoid bone
irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull; forms the base of the cranium, and the floors and sides of the eye sockets
Ethmoid bone
forms a portion of each orbit
Orbit
bony socket that surrounds eyeballs
Auditory ossicles
3 tiny bones in each middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes)
Bones of the face
made of 14 bones; some contain sinuses
Sinuses
air-filled cavities
Nasal bones
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
Zygomatic bones (cheekbones)
articulate with the frontal bone
Maxillary bones (maxillae)
form most of the upper jaw
