Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms Flashcards
a-, an-
Without
ab-, abs-
From; away from; absent
abdomin-, abdomino-
Abdomen
abort-, aborto-
To miscarry
acanth-, acantho-
Thorn; spine
acous-, acoust-, acousto-
Hearing
acro-
Extremity; top; extreme point
actin-, actino-
Ray; some form of radiation
ad-
Adherence; increase; toward
-ad
Toward; in the direction of
aden-, adeno-
Gland
adip-, adipo-
Fat
adrenal-, adrenalo-
Adrenal glands
-aemia
Blood
aer-, aero-
Air or gas
-aesthesia, aesthesio-
Sensation
af-
Toward
-agogue
An agent that promotes the expulsion of a specific substance
-agra
Sudden severe pain
-al
relating to; an aldehyde
albumin-, albumino
Albumin
-algesia, -algia
Suffering; pain
algi-
Pain
all-
Other
allo-
Other
amb-, ambi-
Both; on both sides; around; about
amph-, amphi-, ampho-
Both; on both sides; on all sides; double; around; about
ana-, an-
Up; against; back
andro-
Man; Male; masculine
angi-, angio-
Blood or lymph vessels
aniso-
Unequal; asymmetrical; dissimilar
ankyl-, ankylo-
Crooked; bent; fusion or growing together of parts
ante-
Before
antero-
Anterior, front, before
anthropo-
Human beings; human life
ant-, anti-
Against
antr-, antro-
Antrum
apo-
From; derived from; separated from; opposed
arch-, arche-, archi-
First; principal; beginning; original
anteri-, anterio-
Artery
arthr-, arthro-
Joint
-ase
Enzyme
-asis, -esis, -iasis, -isis, -sis
Condition; pathological state
astro-
Star; star-shaped
atelo-
Imperfect; incomplete
ather-, athero-
Fatty plaque
atmo-
Steam; vapor
atreto-
Absence of an opening
aut-, auto-
Self
axio-
Axis, the long axis of a tooth
axo-
Axis, axon
azot-, azoto-
Nitrogenous compounds
bacteri-, bacterio-
Bacteria; bacterium
balan-, balano-
Glans clitoridis, glans penis
bar-, baro-
Weight; pressure
basi-, basio-
Base; foundation
bi-, bis-
Bile
bio-
Life
blast-, -blast
Germ; bud; embryonic state of development
blenn-, blenno-
Mucus
blephar-, blepharo-
Eyelid
brachio-
Arm
brachy-
Short
brady-
Slow
brom-, bromo-
Bromine
bronch-, bronchi-, broncho-
Airway
bronchiol-, bronchiolo-
Bronchiole
calc-, calco-
Calcium
calcan-, calcaneo-
Calcaneum (heel bone)
carcin-, carcino-
Cancer
cardi-, cardio-
Heart
carpo-
Carpus
cary-, caryo-
Nucleus; nut
cat-, cata-, cath-, kat-, kata-
Down; downward; destructive; against; according to
cel-, celo-
Tumor; hernia; cavity
-cele
Tumor; swelling; hernia
cent-
Hundred
cephal-, cephalo-
Head
cerebell-, cerebello-
Cerebellum
cervic-, cervico-
Neck; the neck of an organ
cheil-, cheilo-
Lip; lips
chem-, chemo-
Chemical; drug
chil-, chilo-
Lip; lips
chir-, chiro-
Hand
chlor-, chloro-
Green
chol-, chole-
Bile; gall
cholangi-, cholangio-
Bile vessel
cholecyst-, cholecysto-
Gallbladder
choledoch-, choledocho-
Bile duct
chondr-, chondro-
Cartilage
chrom-, chromo-
Color
-cide
Causing death
cine-
Movement
circum-
Around
clavicul-, claviculo-
Clavicle
-cle, -cule
Little
cleid-, cleido-
Clavicle
co-, com-, con-
Together
colp-, colpo-
Vagina
contra-
Against; opposite
crani-, cranio-
Skull; cranium
cry-, cryo-
Cold
-cusia, -cusis
Hearing
cyan-, cyano-
Blue
cycl-, cyclo-
Circular; cyclical; ciliary body of the eye
cyst-, cysto-, -cyst
Cyst; urinary bladder
cyt-, cyto-, -cyte
Cell
dacry-
Tears
dactyl-, dactylo-
Finger; toe
de-
From; down; not
dec-, deca-
Ten
deci-
One tenth
demi-
Half
dent-, denti-, dento-
Teeth
derm-, derma-, dermato-, dermo-
Skin
deuter-, deutero-, deuto-
Second; secondary
dextro-
Right
di-
Double; twice; two; Apart from
dia-
Through; between; asunder
dipla-, diplo-
Double; twin
dips-, dipso-
Thirst
dis-
Double; twice; Negative; apart; absence of
dors-, dorsi-, dorso-
Back
duoden-, dueodeno-
Duodenum
-dynia
Pain
dys-
Difficult; bad; painful
-eal
Pertaining to
ec-, ecto-
Out; on the outside
-ectomy
Excision
ectro-
Congenital absence of a part
ef-, es-, ex-, exo-
Out
electr-, electro-
Electricity
embol-, embolo-
Plug
-emesis
Vomiting
-emia
Blood
en-
In; into
enantio-
Opposite
end-, endo-
Within
ent-, ento-
Within; inside
enter-, entero-
Intestine
ep-, epi-
Upon; over; at; in addition to; after
episi-, episio-
Vulva
erythr-, erythro-
Red
eschar-, escharo-
Scab
-esis
Condition; pathological state
esophag-, esophago-
Esophagus
-esthesia
Sensation
etio-
Causation
eu-
Well; good; healthy; normal
eury-
Broad
ex-
Out; away from; completely
exo-
Out, outside of; without
extra-
Outside of; in addition; beyond
-facient
Causing; making happen
femor-, femoro-
Thigh
-ferous
Producing
ferri-, ferro-
Iron
fibro-
Fibers; fibrous tissues
fluo-
Flow
fluor-, fluoro-
Luminous; fluorescence
fore-
Before; in front of
-form
Form
-fuge
To expel; to drive away; fleeing
galact-, galacto-
Milk
gam-, gamo-
Marriage; sexual union
gaster-, gastero-, gastr-, gastro-
Stomach
gen-
Producing; forming
-gen, -gene, -genesis, -genetic, -genic
Producing; forming
glauc-, glauco-
Gray
genito-
Organs of reproduction
gero-
Old age
giga-
Billion
gingiv-, gingivo-
Gums (of the mouth)
-globin
Protein
gloss-, glosso-
Tongue
gluc-, gluco-, glyc-, glyco-
Sugar, glycerol or similar substance
gnath-, gnatho-
Jaw; cheek
-gog, -gogue
Make flow
gon-, gono-
Semen; seed; genitals; offspring
-gram
A tracing; a mark
-graph
Instrument for drawing or recording
-graphy
Writing; record
-gravida
Pregnant
gyn-, gyne-, gyneco-, gyno-
Woman; female
gyro-
Circle; spiral; ring
hem-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-
Blood
hemi-
Half
hepat-, hepato-
Liver
heredo-
Heredity
heter-, hetero-
Other; different
hex-, hexa-
Six
histo-
Tissue
hol-, holo-
Complete; entire; homogeneous
homeo-
Likeness; resemblance; constant, unchanging state
homo-
Same; likeness
hydra-, hydro-, hydr-
Water
hyo-
Hyoid bone
hyp-, hyph-, hypo-
Less than; below or under; beneath; deficient
hyper-
Above; excessive; beyond
hypno-
Sleep; hypnosis
hyster-, hystero-
Uterus
-ia
Condition; abnormal state
-iasis
Condition; pathological state
-iatric
Medicine; medical profession; physicians
-ic
Pertaining to; relating to
ichthyo-
Fish
-id
Secondary skin eruption distant from primary infection site
ideo-
Mental images
idio-
Individual; distinct
ileo-
Ileum
ilio-
Ilium; flank
im-
In; inside; within; intensive action; negative
immun-, immuno-
Immune; immunity
in-
In; inside; within; intensive action; negative
infra-
Below; under; beneath; inferior to; after
inter-
Between; in the midst
intra-, intro-
Within; in; into
ipsi-
Same; self
irid-, irido-
Iris
ischio-
Ischium
-isis
Condition, pathological state
-ism
Condition; theory
iso-
Equal
-ite
Of the nature of; a salt of an acid with the termination -ous
-itis
Inflammation of
-ize
To treat by special method
jejuno-
Jejunum
juxta-
Close proximity
kary-, karyo-, cary-, caryo-
Nucleus, nut
kat-, kata-
Down; downward; destructive; against; according to
kera-, kerato-
Horny subtance; cornea
ket-, keto-
Ketone bodies (acids and acetones)
kilo-
Thousand
kinesi-, kino-, -kinesis
Movement
klepto-
To steal
kolp-, kolpo-, colp-, colpo-
Vagina
kypho-
Humped
kysth-, kystho-
Vagina
lab-, labi-
Lip
lact-
Milk
laparo-
Flank; abdominal wall
laryng-, laryngo-
Larynx
latero-
Side
leio-
Smooth
lepido-
Flakes; scales
-lepsy
Seizure
lepto-
Thin; fine; slight; delicate
leuk-, leuko-, leuc-
White; white blood cell
linguo-
Tongue
lip-, lipo-
Fat
-lite, -lith, lith-, litho-
Science of; study of
lord-, lordo-
Curve; swayback
lumbo-
Loins
lyo-
Loosen; dissolve
-lysis
Loosen; dissolve; reduction of; relief from
macr-, macro-
Large; long
mal-
Ill; bad; poor
mamm-, mammo-
Breast
-mania
Frenzy, madness
mast-, masto-
Breast
meat-, meato-
Opening meatus
med-, medi-, medio-
Middle
medull-, medullo-
Soft inner part; medulla
mega-, megal-, megalo-
Large; of great size
-megalia, -megaly
Enlargement of a body part
meio-, mio-
Less; smaller
melan-, melano-
Black
mening-, meningo-
Meninges
menta-, mento-
Mind
mes-, meso-
Middle; mesentery; secondary, partial
mesio-
Toward the middle
meta-
Change; transformation; next in a series; 1,3 position of benzene derivatives
metacarp-, metacarpo-
Metacarpus (bones of the hand)
-meter
Measure
metr-, metra-, metro-
Uterus
micr-, micro-
Small
mio-
Less, smaller
mon-, mono-
Single; one
muc-, muci-, muco-, myxa-, myxo-
Mucus
multi-
Many; much
musculo-, my-, myo-
Muscle
myc-, myco-
Fungus
myel-, myelo-
Spinal cord, bone marrow
myring-, myringo-
Tympanic membrane, eardrum
nano-
One billionth; dwarfism (nanism)
nacro-
Numbness; stupor
naso-
Nose
necr-, necro-
Death, necrosis
neo-
New; recent
nephr-, nephra-, nephro-
Kidney
neur-, neuri-, neuro-
Nerve, nervous system
nitr-, nitro-
Nitrogen
non-
No
normo-
Normal; usual
noso-
Disease
noto-
The back
nucleo-
Nucleus
nyct-, nycto-
Night, darkness
ob-
Against
occipit-, occipito-
Occiput
octa-, octo-
Eight
oculo-
Eye
-ode, -oid
Form; shape; resemblance
odont-, odonto-
Tooth; teeth
-odynia, odyno-
Pain
-oid
Form; shape; resemblance
oleo-
Oil
olig-, oligo-
Few; small
-ology
Science of; study of
-oma
Tumor
omo-
Shoulder
omphal-, omphalo-
Navel
onco-
Tumor; swelling; mass
onych-, onycho-
Fingernails; toenails
oo-, ovi-, ovo-
Egg; ovum
oophor-, oophoro-, oophoron-
Ovary
ophthalm-, ophthalmo-
Eye
-opia
Vision
opisth-, opistho-
Backward
-opsy
View of
optico-, opto-
Eye; vision
orchi-, orchid-, orchido-
Testicle
-orexia
Appetite
oro-
mouth
orth-, ortho-
Straight; correct; normal; in proper order
os-
Mouth; bone
oscheo-
Scrotum
-ose
Carbohydrate; primary alteration of a protein
-osis
Condition; status; process; abnormal increase
osmo-
Odor; small; Impulse; Osmosis
oste-, osteo-
Bone
-ostomosis, -ostomy, -stomosis, -stomy
A created mouth or outlet
ot-, oto-
Ear
-otomy
Cutting
-ous
Possessing; full of; pertaining to
ovi-, ovo-
Egg; ovum
ox-
Oxygen
oxy-
Sharp; keen; acute; acid; pungent; Oxygen in a compound; Hydroxyl group
pach-, pachy-
Thick
-pagus
Twins joined at a specific site
pali-, palin-
Recurrence; repetition
pan-
All; entire
pant-, panto-
All or the whole of something
papulo-
Pimple; papule
para-, -para
Near; alongside of; departure from normal; bearing offspring
patell-, patello-
Patella; kneecap
path-, patho-, -path, -pathic, -pathy
Disease; suffering
ped-, pedi-, pedo-
Foot
pedia-
Child
pedicul-, pediculo-
Louse
-penia
Decrease form normal; deficiency
pent-, penta-
Five
-pepsia
Digestion
per-
Throughout; thorugh; utterly; intense
peri-
Around; about
perineo-
Perineum
peritoneo-
Peritoneum
pero-
Deformed
petro-
Stone; the petrous portion of the temporal bone
-pexy
Fixation, usually surgical
phag-, phago-
Eating, ingestion, devouring
phalang-, phalango-
Phalanges (bones of fingers and toes)
phall-
Penis
pharmaco-
Drug; medicine
pharyng-, pharyngo-
Pharynx
-phasia
Speech
-phil, -philia, -philic
Love for; tendency toward; craving for
phlebo-
Vein
-phobia
Abnormal fear or aversion
phono-
Sound; voice
-phoresis
Transmission
-phoria
a turning with reference to the visual axis
photo-
Light
phren-, phreno-, -phrenia
Mind; Diaphragm
-phylaxis
Protection
physico-
Physical; natural
physio-
Pertaining to nature
physo-
Air; gas
phyt-, phyto-
Plant; something that grows
pico-
One trillionth
picr-, picro-
Bitter
-piesis
Pressure
pimel-, pimelo-
Fat
plagio-
Slanting; oblique
-plakia
Plaque
-plasia
Growth; cellular proliferation
plasm-, -plasm
Living substance or tissue; to mold
-plastic
Molded; restoration of lost or badly formed features
-platy
Broad
-plegia
Paralysis; stroke
pleur-, pleuro-
Pleura; side; rib
-ploid
Chromosome pairs of a specific number
plur-, pluri-
several; more
pneo-
Breath; breathing
pneum-, pneuma-, pneumato-
Air; gas; respiration
pneumo-, pneumno-
Air; lung
pod-, podo-
Foot
poikil-, poikilo-
Varied, irregular
-poiesis, -poietic
Production; formation
polio-
Gray matter of the nervous system
poly-
Many, much
post-
After
postero-
Posterior; behind; toward the back
-praxis
Act; activity; practice; use
pre-
Before; in front of
presby-
Old age
pro-
Before; in behalf of
proct-, procto-
Anus; rectum
proso-
Forward, anterior
prostat-, prostato-
Prostate gland
proto-
First; the lowest of a series of compounds with the same elements
pseud-, pseudo-
False
psych-, psycho-
Mind; mental processes
psychro-
Cold
-ptosis
Prolapse, downward displacement
pubio-, pubo-
Pubic bone or region
pulmo-
Lung
py-, pyo-
Pus
pycn-, pycno-, pykn-, pykno-
Dense; thick; compact; frequent
pyelo-
Pelvis
pyg-, pygo-
Buttocks
pyle-
Orifice, of the portal vein
pyloro-
Gatekeeper; the pylorus
pyreto-
Fever
pyro-
Heat; fire
quadr-, quadri-
Four
quinqu-
Five
rachi-, rachio-
Spine
radio-
Radiant energy; a radioactive substance; a radioactive isotope
re-
Back; again
recto-
Straight; rectum
ren-, reno-
Kidney
reticulo-
Reticulum
retro-
Backward; back; behind
rhabdo-
Rod
rheo-, (r)rhea
Current; stream; to flow; to discharge
rhino-
Nose
rhizo-
Root
rhodo-
Red
roseo-
Rose-colored
-(r)rhage, -(r)rhagia
Rupture, profuse fluid discharge-
(r)rhaphy
A suturing or stitching
-(r)rhexis
Rupture of a specifc body part
sacchar-, saccharo-
Sugar
sacro-
Sacrum
salping-, salpingo-
Auditory tube; fallopian tube
sapro-
Putrid; rotten
sarco-
Flesh
scapho-
Boat-shaped; scaphoid
scapulo-
Shoulder
scato-
Dung; fecal matter
schisto-
Split; cleft
schizo-
Division
scirrho-
Hard; hard tumor or scirrhus
sclero-
Hard; relating to the sclera
-sclerosis
Dryness; hardness
-scope
Instrument for viewing or examining (includes other methods of examination)
-scopy
Examination
scoto-
Darkness
sebo-
Fatty substance
semi-
Half
septi-
Seven
sero-
Serum
sesqui-
One and one half
sial-, sialo-
Saliva
sidero-
Iron; steel
-sis
Condition; pathological state
sitio-, sito-
Bread; made from grain; food
skeleto-
Skeleton
skia-
Shadow
sodio-
Sodium
somat-, somato-
Body
spectro-
Appearance; image; form; spectrum
sperma-, spermat-, speramto-
Sperm; spermatozoa
spheno-
Wedge; sphenoid bone
sphygmo-
Pulse
spir-, spiro-
Breathe
spleno-
Spleen
spongio-
Spongelike
staphylo-
Uvula; bunch of grapes; Staphylococcus
steato-
Fat
steno-
Narrow; short
sterco-
Feces
stere-, stereo-
Three-dimensional
sterno-
Sternum
stetho-
Chest
stomato-
Mouth
strepto-
Twisted
sub-
Under; beneath; in small quantity; less than normal
super-
Above; beyond; on top
supra-
Above; beyond; on top
syn-, sym-
With; together with; along; beside
tachy-
Swift; rapid
taen-, taeni-, ten-, teni-
Tapeworm
tarso-
Flat of the foot; Edge of the eyelid
tauto-
Same
techno-
Art; skill
tel-, tele-
End; Distant
teleo-
Perfect; complete
temporo-
Temples of the head
tendo-, teno-
Tendon
ter-
Three
tera-
One trillionth
terato-
Severely malformed fetus
tetra-
Four
thalamo-
Chamber; part of the brain where a nerve originates; thalamus
thanato-
Death
theco-
Sheath; case; receptacle
thermo-
Hot; heat
thio-
Sulfur
thorac-, thoraci-, thoraco-
Chest; chest wall
thrombo-
Blood clot; thrombus
thymo-
Thymus; soul; emotions
thy-, thyro-
Thyroid gland; oblong; shield
thyroid-, thyroido-
Thyroid gland
toco-
Childbirth
-tome
Cutting instrument
tomo-
Section; layer
-tomy
Cutting operation; excision
ton-, tono-
Tension
top-, topo-
Place; locale
tox-, toxi-, toxico-, toxo-, -toxic
Toxin; poison; toxic
trachelo-
Neck
tracheo-
Trachea; windpipe
trans-
Across; over; beyond; through
traumato-
Trauma
tri-
Three
trich-, trchi-, tricho-
Hair
troph-, tropho-, trophic
Nourishment
-troping
Stimulation of a target organ by a substance, especially a hormone
tubo-
Tube
tympan-, tympano-
Eardrum; tympanum
typho-
Fever; typhoid
ulo-
Scar; scarring
ultra-
Beyond; excess
uni-
One
uretero-
Ureter
urethro-
Urethra
-uria
Urine
urin-, urino-, uro-
Urine
uter-, utero-
Uterus
vagin-, vagino-
Vagina
varic-, varico-
Dilated vein
vaso-
Vessel
veno-
vein
ventro-, ventr-, ventri-
Abdomen; anterior surface of the body
vertebro-
Vertebra; vertebrae
vesico-
Bladder; vesicle
viscero-
Viscera
vitr-, vitro-, vitre-, vitreo-
Vitreous body (of the eye); Glassy
vulvo-
Vuvla; covering
xanth-
Yellow
xeno-
Strange; foreign
xero-
Dry
xiph-, xiphi-, xipho-
Xiphoid cartilage
zoo-
Animal; animal life