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HOSA Medical Terminology > Overview of the Body > Flashcards

Overview of the Body Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomic Reference Systems

A

Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities (Body planes, Body directions, Body cavities, Structural units)

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2
Q

Structures of the Body

A

The cells, tissues, and glands that for the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly

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3
Q

Genetics

A

The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their children

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4
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions

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5
Q

Glands

A

A group os specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions

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6
Q

Body Systems and Related Organs

A

Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems

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7
Q

Pathology

A

The study of nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function

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8
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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9
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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10
Q

anter/o

A

before, front

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11
Q

caud/o

A

lower part of body, tail

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12
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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13
Q

cyt/o, -cyte

A

cell

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14
Q

end-, endo-

A

in, within, inside

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15
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

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16
Q

hist/o, histi/o

A

tissue

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17
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

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18
Q

-ology

A

the science of or study of

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19
Q

path/o, pathy

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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20
Q

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

A

development, growth, formation

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21
Q

poster/o

A

behind, toward the back

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22
Q

-stasis, -static

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

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23
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structures of the body

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24
Q

Physiology

A

study of the functions of the structures of the body

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25
Q

Anatomic position

A

describes body standing in standard position (body is erect and facing forward; holding arms at the sides with hands turned so palms face toward the front)

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26
Q

Body planes

A

imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes

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27
Q

Vertical plane

A

an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon

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28
Q

Sagittal plane

A

vertical plane dividing the body into unequal left and right parts

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29
Q

Midsagittal plane, Midline

A

the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

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30
Q

Frontal plane (coronal plane)

A

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) positions

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31
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon

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32
Q

Transverse plane

A

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

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33
Q

Ventral

A

refers to the front or belly side of the organ or body; opposite of dorsal

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34
Q

Dorsal

A

back of the organ or body

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35
Q

Anterior

A

situated in the front; the front or forward part of an organ

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36
Q

Posterior

A

situated in the back, the back part of an organ; opposite of anterior

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37
Q

Superior

A

uppermost, above or toward the head; opposite of inferior

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38
Q

Inferior

A

lowermost below or toward the feet

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39
Q

Cephalic

A

towards the head; opposite of caudal

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40
Q

Caudal

A

towards the lower part of the body

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41
Q

Proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

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42
Q

Distal

A

situated farthest from midline or beginning of body structure; opposite of proximal

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43
Q

Medial

A

the direction toward, or nearer the midline

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44
Q

Lateral

A

the direction toward or nearer the side of the body, away from the midline

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45
Q

Bilateral

A

relating to, or having, two sides

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46
Q

Quadrants of the abdomen

A

helps describe location of organ/pain

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47
Q

RUQ

A

right upper quadrant

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48
Q

LUQ

A

left upper quadrant

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49
Q

RLQ

A

right lower quadrant

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50
Q

LLQ

A

left lower quadrant

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51
Q

Peritoneum

A

multilayered membrane that protects and holds organs in place in the abdominal cavity

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52
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

outer layer of peritoneum; lines interior of abdominal wall

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53
Q

Mesentery

A

fused double layer of parietal peritoneum; attaches parts of intestine to interior abdominal wall

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54
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

inner layer of peritoneum that surrounds organs in abdominal cavity

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55
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

behind the peritoneum

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56
Q

Body cavities

A

spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

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57
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into 2 portions

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58
Q

Cranial cavity

A

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

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59
Q

Spinal cavity

A

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

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60
Q

Ventral cavity

A

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis

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61
Q

Homeostasis

A

process through which body maintains constant internal environment

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62
Q

Regions of the thorax and abdomen

A

divides abdomen and lower portion of thorax into nine parts

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63
Q

Right and left hypochondriac regions

A

covered by lower ribs

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64
Q

Epigastric region

A

above the stomach

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65
Q

Right and left lumbar regions

A

near the inward curve of the spine

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66
Q

Umbilical region

A

surrounds the umbilicus

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67
Q

Right and left iliac regions

A

located over the hip bones

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68
Q

Hypogastric region

A

below the stomach

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69
Q

Cells

A

basic structural and functional units of the body

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70
Q

Cytology

A

study of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of cells

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71
Q

Cell membrane

A

tissue that surrounds and protects cells

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72
Q

Cytoplasm

A

material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

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73
Q

Nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear membrane; controls cell activites and hleps cell divide

74
Q

Stem cells

A

unspecialized cells able to renew themselves for long periods of time

75
Q

Adult stem cells (comatic stem cells)

A

undifferentiated (unspecialized) cells found among differentiated cell; repair tissue

76
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

can form any adult cell; can proliferate indefinitely in the lab; comes from corb blood in umbilical cord and placenta; can be obtained from embryos produced by in vitro fertilization

77
Q

Gene

A

fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity; controls hereditary disorders and physical traits

78
Q

Genetics

A

study of transfer of genes and role of genes in health and disease

79
Q

Dominant gene

A

offspring will inherit the charactersitic

80
Q

Recessive gene

A

if inherited from both parents, offspring will have the condition; if inherited from one parent, offspring will only carry the trait (can be genetically transmitted)

81
Q

Human genome

A

complete set of genetic information of humans; Human Genome Project completed in 2003; important step in genetics in health and science

82
Q

Chromosomes

A

genetic structures in nuclei; contains DNA which makes genes

83
Q

Somatic cell

A

all cells except gametes; 46 chromosomes in 22 identical pairs and a sex chromosome pair

84
Q

Sex cell (gamete)

A

ovum or sperm; contains 23 single chromosomes

85
Q

Sex chromosome

A

X or Y, XX - female, XY - male

86
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; basic structure is the same for all organisms; provides information for heredity, physical appearance, disease risks, and other traits; found in all nuclei except erythrocytes (lack nuclei); unique to each individual; can be used for identification

87
Q

Double helix

A

two spiraling strands of DNA

88
Q

Genetic mutation

A

change of the sequence of DNA

89
Q

Somatic cell mutation

A

cannot be transmitted

90
Q

Gametic cell mutation

A

can be transmitted genetically

91
Q

Genetic engineering

A

manipulation of genes for scientific/medical purposes

92
Q

Genetic disorder (hereditary disorder)

A

pathological condition caused by absent/defective gene

93
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

affects respiratory and digestive systems

94
Q

Down syndrome

A

charcteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physcial abnormalities

95
Q

Hemophilia

A

missing blood-clotting factor, spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding after an injury

96
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

nerve degeneration resulting in uncontrolled movements and loss of mental abilities

97
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles

98
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase missing; can cause severe mental retardation

99
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

fatal; fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells; progressive blindness, paralysis, and early death

100
Q

Tissues

A

groups or layer of similarly specialized cells that perform specific functions

101
Q

Histology

A

study of the structure, composition, and functions of tissues

102
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

forms protective covering for internal and external surfaces of the body, also forms glands

103
Q

Epithelium

A

forms epidermis of skin and surface layer of mucous membranes

104
Q

Endothelium

A

lines blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

105
Q

Connective tissues

A

supports and connects organs and other body tissues

106
Q

Dense connective tissues

A

includes bone and cartilage; forms joints and framework of the body

107
Q

Adipose tissue (fat)

A

protective padding, insulation, support

108
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

surrounds various organs and supports nerve cells and blood vessels

109
Q

Liquid connective tissues

A

(blood and lymph) transports nutrients and waste products

110
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contains cells that can contract and relax

111
Q

Nerve tissue

A

contains cells that react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

112
Q

Pathology of tissue formation

A

disorders of tissues; causes often unknown; can appear throughout lifespan

113
Q

Aplasia

A

defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

114
Q

Hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of an organ or tissue; usually caused by deficency in cell count

115
Q

Anaplasia

A

change in structure of cells and their orientation to each other; characteristic of tumor formation in cancers

116
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissue, or organs

117
Q

Hyperplasia

A

enlargement of an organ or tissue; caused by increase in number of cells in the tissues

118
Q

Hypertrophy

A

general increase in bulk of body part or organ due to increase in size but not number of cells; not due to tumor formation

119
Q

Gland

A

group of epithelial cells capable of producing secretions

120
Q

Secretion

A

substance produced by a gland

121
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete chemical substances into ducts leading to other organs or out of the body (ex. sweat glands)

122
Q

Endocrine glands

A

produces and secretes hormones directly into bloodstream for transport throughout the body; ductless

123
Q

Adenitis

A

inflammation of a gland

124
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor originating from glandular tissue

125
Q

Adenoma

A

benign tumor arising in or resembling glandular tissue

126
Q

Adenomalacia

A

abnormal softening of a gland

127
Q

Adenosis

A

any disease or condition of a gland

128
Q

Adenosclerosis

A

abnormal hardening of a gland

129
Q

Adenectomy

A

surgical removal of a gland

130
Q

Organ

A

somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function; organized into body systems

131
Q

Body systems

A

related tissues and organs that are organized with specialized functions

132
Q

Pathology

A

study of disease (nature, cause, and changes in structure and function); also refers to condition produced by disease

133
Q

Pathologist

A

specializes in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish in diagnosis; tissue samples from biopsies, operations, or postmortem examinations

134
Q

Etiology

A

study of the causes of diseases

135
Q

Pathogen

A

disease-producing microorganism (ex. virus)

136
Q

Transmission

A

spread of a disease

137
Q

Contamination

A

possible presence of a pathogen (caused by poor hygiene or lack of appropriate infection control)

138
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

transmitted by contact with a contaminated surface

139
Q

Bloodborne transmission

A

transmitted via contact with blood or bodily fluids contaminated with blood (ex. HIV, HBV, most STDs)

140
Q

Airborn transmission

A

transmitted via contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by cough/sneeze (ex. tuberculosis, flu, colds, measles)

141
Q

Food-borne and waterborne transmission (fecal-oral)

A

transmitted by eating or drinking improperly treated contaminated food or water

142
Q

Vector-borne transmission

A

transmitted via vector bites

143
Q

Vector

A

animals (ex. mosquitoes, flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, dogs) capable of transmitting disease

144
Q

Epidemiologist

A

specialize in study of outbreaks of disease

145
Q

Endemic

A

ongoing presence of disease within a population/area

146
Q

Epidemic

A

sudden, widespread outbreak of disease within a population/area

147
Q

Pandemic

A

outbreak of disease occuring over a large geographic area

148
Q

Functional disorder

A

produces symptoms with no apparent cause

149
Q

Iatrogenic illness

A

unfavorable response to prescibed medical treatment

150
Q

Idiopathic disorder

A

illness without known cause

151
Q

Infectious disease

A

illness caused by living pathogenic organisms

152
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

disease acquired in hospital or clinical setting

153
Q

Organic disorder

A

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body

154
Q

Congenital disorders

A

abnormal condition that exists at birth

155
Q

Developmental disorders (birth defects)

A

anomaly or malformation

156
Q

Atresia

A

congenital absence of a normal body opening or failure of a structure to be tubular

157
Q

Prenatal influences

A

mother’s health, behavior, and prenatal medical care

158
Q

Rubella

A

infection that can be passed down genetically

159
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

caused by mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

160
Q

Premature birth

A

birth earlier than 37 weeks of development; causes serious health problems

161
Q

Birth injuries

A

congenital disorders not present beofre events surrounding the time of birth

162
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during birth

163
Q

Aging

A

normal progression of life cycle that eventually ends in death; older individuals are increasingly at higher risk of developing chronic and/or fatal health problems; as average lifespan increases, a larger proportion of the population are affected by disorders relating to aging

164
Q

Geriatrics/gerontology

A

study of medical problems and care of older people

165
Q

Postmortem

A

after death

166
Q

Autopsy

A

postmortem examination

167
Q

General practitioner (GP)

A

family practice physician; procides ongoing care for patients of all ages

168
Q

Internist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

169
Q

Pediatrician

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

170
Q

Periatrics

A

the specialty of diagnosing, terating, and preventing disorders of infants and children

171
Q

Geriatrician/gerontologist

A

specializes in the care of older people

172
Q

Hospitalist

A

general medical care of hospitalized patients

173
Q

A & P

A

anatomy and physiology

174
Q

CD

A

communicable disease

175
Q

CH, chr

A

chromosome

176
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

177
Q

epid

A

epidemic

178
Q

GP

A

general practitioner

179
Q

HD

A

Huntington’s disease

180
Q

PKU

A

phenylketonuria

HOSA Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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