Skeletal Flashcards
is
active movement
from one place to
another.
Locomotion
Function of the Skeletal system
▪ Provides attachment for muscles.
▪ Produces blood cells for the circulatory system.
▪ Supports and protects the body parts and organs.
▪ Storage area for inorganic calcium and phosphorus.
▪ Nerves travel around/through bone, so you know when it is
broken.
▪ All animal movements result from muscles working against
some type of skeleton.
Types of Skeleton
Endoskeleton, Exoskeleton, Hydrostatic skeleton
- Found in animals that have no hard body parts at all.
Hydrostatic skeleton
- Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment.
Hydrostatic skeleton
- Form and movement is controlled by changing the shape of this
compartment.
Hydrostatic skeleton
- This is the main type of skeleton in most cnidarians, flatworms,
nematodes, and annelids.
Hydrostatic skeleton
are advantageous in aquatic environments and can
support crawling and burrowing. However, they do not allow the body to
be held off the ground for running or walking.
Hydrostatic skeleton
other name for a fluid-filled internal body cavity
coelom
The action of circular and
longitudinal muscles working
against the hydrostatic skeleton
produces the
peristaltic movement
is a hard encasement
on the surface of an animal, such as
the shells of a mollusk or the cuticles
of arthropods, that provides protection
and points of attachment for muscles.
exoskeleton
The shells of mollusks are
exoskeletons made of __. The exoskeleton of
arthropods is made of __.
calcium carbonate; chitin
- consist
of hard supporting elements within the soft
tissues of the animal - Found in sponges, echinoderms, and
vertebrates
endoskeleton
The endoskeletons of sponges consist of mineral ___
and ____ that keep the body from collapsing.
spicules and spongin fibers
The vertebrate endoskeleton is composed of ___ and ___.
cartilage and bone
are hard connective tissues and the
major component of almost all skeletal
systems in adult vertebrates
bones
Provides a site for muscle attachment, aids in the movement at
joints, provide support, and transmits the force of muscular contraction
from one part to the body to another during movement. It consists of cells,
fibers, and a cellular matrix.
Cartilage
Provides a point of attachment for muscles
and transmits the force of muscular contraction from one part of the body
to another during movement.
Bone or Osseous Tissue:
Two types of bones
▪ Compact
▪ Spongy bones
▪ The calcium-rich portion of the bone.
▪ Located in the middle is the marrow cavity,
which contains the yellow bone marrow.
▪ Contains osteons (Haversian System)
consisting of collagen fibers and mineral deposits
like Calcium and Phosphorus.
Compact Bone
▪ Characterized by the presence of numerous
holes and an extensive network of cancelli of
hard bone matrix.
▪ The numerous holes contain the red bone
marrow with blood vessels
Spongy Bone
The adult human skeleton is
made up of ___ bones and
___ teeth.
206 bones and 32 teeth
are defense
fibrous connective
tissue and are key to
the movement of
joints .
Ligaments
is more flexible
than bone but stiffer than
muscle. it helps give
structure to the larynx and
nose.
Cartilage
5 major function of the bones
- Framework and Support.
- Protection.
- Movement.
- Mineral Storage.
- Blood cell production.
connects bones to muscles
tendons
Bones of the human skeletal system
are categorized by their shape and
function into five types.
- Flat Bone
- Sesamoid Bone
- Short Bone
- Long Bone
- Irregular Bone
The function of ___ is to such
protect internal
organs as the brain,
heart, and pelvic
organs..
flat bones
there are ___ pairs of ribs
12 pairs
Composed of a series of flat bones that is a part
of the thoracic vertebrae which protects the heart
and lungs and assists in breathing.
ribs
3 types of ribs:
- true ribs – upper 7 pairs, one end attached
to backbone & the other end to the sternum - false ribs – lower 3 pairs, one end attached
to the backbone & the other to last pair of
true ribs - hanging ribs/floating – last 2 pairs, one
end attached to backbone & the other end is
free
▪ longer than they are wide,
include the femur (the longest
bone in the body) and the
phalanges.
Long bones
▪ function to
support the weight of the body
and facilitate movement. (type of bone)
Long bones
▪ are located in
the appendicular skeleton
and include bones in the lower
limbs and upper limbs. (type of bone)
Long bones
▪ about as long as they are
wide. (type of bone)
short bone
▪ Located in the wrist and
ankle joints, short
bones provide stability
and some movement. (type of bone)
short bone
- vary in shape and
structure and therefore do
not fit into any other
category (flat, short,
long, or sesamoid).
▪ often have a complex
shape, which helps protect
internal organs.
irregular bones
▪ bones embedded in tendons.
▪ These small, round bones are
commonly found in the tendons of
the hands, knees, and feet.
▪ function to
protect tendons from stress and
wear (e.g., patella).
Sesamoid bones
- Supports the axis, or trunk, of the body
(Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs). - consists of the skull, vertebral
column (backbone), and in most
vertebrates, a rib cage around the
lungs and heart
Axial Skeleton
- Made up of the bones of the
appendages and the bones that anchor
the appendages to the axial skeleton.
Appendicular Skeleton
The skull consists of the ____ and the _____.
cranial bones and facial skeleton
compose the top and back
of the skull and enclose the brain.
cranial bones
The cranium is composed of:
- Occipital bone
- Parietal bone
- Temporal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid bones
The cranial bones are connected by ____.
sutures
There four general sutures in the skull:
- lambdoid suture (between the
occipital and parietal bones) - coronal suture (between the
frontal and parietal bones) - sagittal suture (between the two
parietal bones) - squamous sutures (between the
temporal and parietal bones)
form the entrances for the
respiratory and digestive tracts.
facial bones
the facial bones consists of:
- Mandible
- Maxillae
- Zygomatics
- Lacrimals
- Nasals
- Vomer
- Palatine
- Nasal conchae
*bones that give shape to the nasal cavity
Bones of the Ear:
- Malleus
- Stapes
- Incus
Laryngeal Section (bones):
- Larynx/ Laryngeal Skeleton
- Hyoid Bone
It is a flexible column formed by a series of 24 vertebrae plus the sacrum and coccyx .
vertebral column
The vertebral column is grouped into
five regions:
- the cervical spine (C01- C07)
- the thoracic spine (T01- T-12)
- the lumbar spine (L01-L05)
- the sacral spine
- the coccygeal spine.
Functions of Vertebral Column:
- serves either directly or
indirectly as anchor of all the
bones - Supports the head and
protects the spina chord - Provides attachment for the
ribs.
formed by the
ribs and sternum, protects internal
organs and gives attachment to
muscles involved in respiration and
upper limb movement.
thoracic cage
consists of the
manubrium, body of the sternum,
and xiphoid process.
sternum
- consists of the scapulae and clavicles.
- connects the bones of the upper limbs
to the axial skeleton. - provide attachment for muscles that
move the shoulders and upper limbs.
Shoulder/ Pectoral Girdle
Bones of the Upper Limb
include the bones of the arm
(humerus), forearm (radius and ulna),
wrist, carpals, metacarpals, and
phalanges.
it includes 5 bones of the palm
and 14 fingers.
hand bones
Wrist bones are ____, while
bones of the palm are the
______, and ____ are
the bones of the fingers.
carpals; metacarpals; phalanges
It is a ring of bones attached to the
vertebral column that connects the
bones of the lower limbs to the axial
skeleton.
pelvic girdle
The pelvic girdle consists of the right and left hip bones. Each hip bone is a large, flattened, and irregularly shaped fusion of three bones:
the ilium, ischium,
and pubis.
- It consists of the tarsal (bones of the
ankle) - the phalanges (forms the toes)
- the metatarsals (that give the foot its
arch).
foot bones
are formed by the
interlocking bones and ligaments of the foot.
foot arches
serve as shock-aborbing structures
that support body weight and distribute
stress evenly during walking.
foot arches
runs from the
calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsals and
has medial and lateral parts.
longitudinal arch of the foot
runs across
the cuneiforms and the base of the metatarsal
bones.
The transverse arch of the foot
is an area where bones
come together.
joints
It is the structure that enables
the mobility or flexibility of
human body.
joints
Skeletal joints are classified into
three based on the degree of
movement it allows:
immovable
joints, slightly movable joints, and
movable joints.
known as synarthroses or Fibrous joints because the
bones are held together by a tough fibrous connective
tissue. These joints are found in the adult cranium.
Immovable (fixed) Joints
known as amphiarthroses or cartilaginous joints. The
bones can move a little, but ligaments stop them from
moving too far. Cartilaginous joints connect vertebrae to
one another and connect some of the ribs to the
sternum.
Slightly Movable Joints
known as diarthroses or synovial joints. They are freely
movable and all the moving parts are held together by
ligaments. In this type of joint, the ends of bones are
covered with cartilage and enclosed in a fluid-filled
capsule.
Movable joints
are characterized by the presence of an articular capsule between the two joined bones.
Synovial joints
six types of synovial joints:
1) Gliding joints
2) condyloid
3) Saddle
4) ball and socket
5) hinge joint
6) Pivot joint
joints move against each other on a single plane.
Gliding joints
joint allows for circular motion, flexion, and
extension. The wrist joint between the radius and the carpal bones
is an example
condyloid joint.
joint allows for flexion, extension, and
other movements, but no rotation.
saddle joint
This joint allows the greatest
freedom of movement that can rotate on any axis.
ball and socket
It permits movement in only one
direction: forward and backward movement. These joints
allow for flexion and extension. It is found in the elbows
and knees.
hinge joint
It provides rotation. At the top of the
spine, the atlas and axis form a _____ joint that allows for
rotation of the head.
pivot joint
