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Zoology Midterms > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q
  • A network of features that forms
    the covering of an organism.
  • Delimits the body of the
    organism, separating it from the
    environment and protecting it
    from foreign matter.
  • At the same time, it gives
    communication with the outside,
    enabling an organism to live in a
    particular environment.
A

Integumentary System

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2
Q

Species that has epidermis provides all the basic
features of an integument.

A

Cnidarians

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3
Q

What do corals release through their epidermis

A

Calcareous skeleton

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4
Q

What species that are protected by shell, which is made up of calcium carbonate secreted by the mantle

A

Mollusks

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5
Q

What species such as flukes and tapeworms have a body covering known as tegument.

A

Platyhelminths

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6
Q

What do bacteria have that helps them maintain the shape
and turgidity of the cell and
affords protection

A

Cell Wall

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7
Q

In nematodes, it provides all the basic features of an integument

A

Epidermis

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8
Q

Nematodes has a thick outer _____

A

Cuticle

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9
Q

Largest organ of the body

A

Skin

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10
Q

Skin is also known as the

A

Cutaneous membrane

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11
Q

Main components of the skin

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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12
Q

It refers to the Keratinized
stratified epithelium

A

Epidermis

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13
Q

Loose connective
and dense irregular tissue

A

Dermis

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14
Q

also known
as superficial fascia/
subcutaneous tissue

A

Hypodermis

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15
Q

5 Skin Function

A

Protection
Excretion
Vitamin D Synthesis
Thermoregulation
Sensation

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16
Q

What happens to the blood vessels of the skin when cold

A

Blood vessels constrict which allows more heat carrying blood to circulate to the muscles and organs

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17
Q

What happens to the blood vessels of the skin when hot

A

The blood vessels in the skin dilate that brings more blood to the surface for cooling by radiation

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18
Q

sensitive to
stimuli from external environment

A

Exteroceptors

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19
Q

sensitive to
stimuli from internal environmen

A

Interoceptors

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20
Q

sensitive to both external and internal stimuli and are responsible for relaying information about our body’s spatial position to the brain
(muscle length and tension, limb
position)

A

Proprioceptors

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21
Q

Types of receptors according to
source (location) of stimulus

A

Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors

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22
Q

Type of Stimulus detected

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptor
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
Baroreceptors

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23
Q

Detect deformation of the receptor or adjacent cell; provides a sensation of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, blood pressure, and stretching of internal organs

A

Mechanoreceptors

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24
Q

Detects change in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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25
Q

Respond to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

A

Nociceptor

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26
Q

Detect the light that strikes the retina of the eye

A

Photoreceptors

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27
Q

Detect chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids

A

Chemoreceptors

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28
Q

Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids

A

Osmoreceptors

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29
Q

Sensitive to pressure changes and considered as mechanoreceptors

A

Baroreceptors

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30
Q

Enumerate the Cutaneous receptors

A

Free nerve endings
Meissner’s corpuscle (tactile corpuscle)
Ruffini endings
Root hair plexus
Pacinian Corpuscle
Krause end bulbs
Merkel’s disks

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31
Q

sensitive to heat, cold or pain
(thermoreceptors, nociceptors and mechanoreceptors).

A

Free nerve ending

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32
Q

respond to
touch and low-frequency vibration.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)

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33
Q

detect stretch, deformation withinjoints,
and warmth (sensitive to pressure).

A

Ruffini ending

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34
Q

very sensitive mechanoreceptor for
touch that is located at the base of the hair.

A

Root hair plexus

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35
Q

the largest skin receptor, very quick to
adapt to skin displacement (sensitive to pressure).

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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36
Q

mechanoreceptors, sensitive to cold,
more superficially located than Ruffini endings

A

Krause end bulbs

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37
Q

located superficially in the dermis,react slowly to pressure (sustained pressure)

A

Merkel’s Disks

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38
Q
  • Make up 95% of cells in the
    epidermis
  • Strengthens epidermis,
    makes it resistant to
    mechanical trauma
  • Joined by desmosomes
  • Arranged into “strata
    (layers)”
A

Keratinocytes

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39
Q

Strata/Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granolosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum (Stratum bassale or bassal bottom)

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40
Q

the outermost strata of the epidermis. It is mostly dead cells, filled with a protein substance called keratin. It is thicker on the soles of the feet
than on the eyelids…where there is less pressure.

A

Stratum corneum

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41
Q

a
translucent layer lying directly beneath the
corneum. It may not even exist in thinner skin.Cells in this layer are also dead or are in the process
of dying.

A

Stratum lucidum

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42
Q

one or more layers of cells starting to die and become hard. They are in the process of
keratinization becoming
fibrous protein similar to that in hair and nails.

A

Stratum granulosum

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43
Q

composed of daughter keratinocytes and dendritic cells, which fight infections in the body

A

Stratum spinosum

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44
Q

Stratum spinosum is shiny in appearance due to protruding structures called

A

Desmosomes

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45
Q

is composed of several
layers of living cells capable of cell division. It is the innermost layer of the epidermis, and contains melanin -
the pigment that gives color to the skin. The more abundant the melanin the darker the skin color. Damage to this layer,
such as in severe burns, requires skin grafts. Helps to
synthesize vitamin D

A

Stratum germinativum (Stratum bassale or bassal bottom)

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46
Q

compose mostly of superficial layer of
the epidermis and several layers of dead,
flattened keratinocytes; sheds dead
keratinocytes

A

stratum corneum

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47
Q

found deep to the Stratum Corneum; found
in thick skin; and compose of clear layer of
dead keratinocytes

A

stratum lucidum

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48
Q

the middle layer of the epidermis named
for prominent granules; with 3-5 rows of cells;
and excretes a lipid-based substance

A

Stratum granulosum

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49
Q

Deep to the Stratum Basale; the thickest
stratum of the epidermis named due to its spiky
appearing cells; with cells that are metabolically
active (undergo mitosis): help to synthesize
vitamin D

A

Stratum Spinosum

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50
Q

the deepest layer of the epidermis; consists of a
single layer of stem cells; contains melanin; rich in blood supply; with cells that are mostly metabolically active (undergo mitosis); helps to synthesize vitamin D

A

stratum germinativum

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51
Q

Enumerate Keratinocyte Life Cycle

A
  • Begins in the Stratum Spinosum
  • Can shed from environmental
    and physical stress
  • Shed cells are replaced by mitosis
  • Cells primarily divide at
    night
  • Stratum corneum sheds
    dead keratinocytes )
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52
Q

Found in the Stratum Spinosum
Contain Phagocytes of the immune system
Protects the skin and underlying tissue from pathogens

A

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells

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53
Q
  • Oval cells found in the Stratum Basale
  • Contain sensory receptors that detect light touch, shapes, and textures
  • Also found in the fingertips, lips, and base of hair
A

Merkel Cells

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54
Q

Found in the Stratum Basale
Produces melanin, a protein that gives pigment to skin

A

Melanocytes (melan-black)

55
Q

a protein that gives pigment to skin

A

Melanin

56
Q

When exposed to extra pressure, both thick and thin skin will develop extra layers of the Stratum Corneum

A

Callus

57
Q
  • Anchors epidermis in place
  • It contains the lymphatics,
    nerves, nerve endings, blood
    vessels, sebaceous and sweat
    glands, elastic fibers, and hair
    follicles.
A

Dermis

58
Q

2 layers of the Dermis

A

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

59
Q

It is the uppermost layer of the
dermis and is composed of
loose areolar conective tissue

A

Papillary layer

60
Q

It is composed of dense irregular
connective tissue.

A

Reticular layer

61
Q
  • Found on the surface of the
    papillary layer
  • Houses tiny blood vessels
    called capillaries and Tactile
    (Meissner) corpuscles
A

Dermal Papillae

62
Q
  • The most superficial layer of the
    dermis and onsists of loose
    connective tissue
  • Contains collagen fibers that
    anchor dermis and epidermis
    together
A

Papillary Layer

63
Q
  • Elastic fibers that allow skin to
    revert after stretching
  • Contains proteoglycans that hydrate
    the skin
  • Contains blood vessels and
    accessory structures (hair, sweat
    glands, sebaceous glands)
  • Contains sensory receptors, such
    as Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
    that respond to changes in pressure
    and vibration
A

Reticular layer

64
Q

It is composed of adipose
tissue. It supports, nourishes, insulates, and cushions the skin.

A

Subcutaneous tissue or Hypodermis

65
Q

Interactions between the dermis and
epidermis are shown on the skin as small
lines

A

Skin marking

66
Q

Thick collagen fibers arrange the
dermal papillae into

A

Dermal ridges

67
Q

The epidermis will blend in with the dermal
papillae that lies underneath, creating?

A

Epidermal ridges

68
Q

Tiny sweat pores open along the ridges to
form a thin film called a ?

A

Fingerprint

69
Q

Gaps found in between bundles of
collagen will indent to form cleavage
lines, also known as

A

Tension lines

70
Q

are produced when a high number of melanocytes are proliferated in one spot.

A

Moles

71
Q

are produced when pigment is concentrated in one spot from a high amount of melanin production.

A

Freckles

72
Q

It is when melanocytes fail to produce the tyrosinase enzyme. This lack of skin pigmentation can increase the risk of DNA damage of keratinocytes.

A

Albinism

73
Q
  • Gives yellow-orange pigment
  • Lipid-soluble molecule
  • Usually ingested in diet from yellow and
    orange foods
  • Accumulates in stratum corneum
A

Carotene

74
Q
  • Gives skin a pinkish hue
  • Protein found in red blood cells that binds and
    transports oxygen
  • Turns a bright-orange red color when oxidized
A

Hemoglobin

75
Q

Part of the hair that projects from the
surface of the skin.

A

Shaft

76
Q

Part of the hair that is embedded in
the dermis of the skin.

A

Root

77
Q

Indentation at the base of the hair bulb that contains blood vessels.

A

Hair Papilla

78
Q

Structure at the deep end of the
hair follicle

A

Hair Bulb

79
Q

Structure at the base of hair
bulb that produces new hairs via
mitosis.

A

Hair Matrix

80
Q

Infolding surrounding the hair root

A

Hair follicle

81
Q

Two parts of the Epithelial Root Sheath

A

Outer and Inner component

82
Q

Anchors hair follicle to the dermis

A

Outer component

83
Q

Anchors tightly to the root

A

Inner component

84
Q

Supports the hair follicle and separates it from the dermis

A

Dermal Root Sheath

85
Q

It is a threadlike structure formed by a group of cells that develop within a hair follicle or socket

A

Hair

86
Q

is attached to the side of each
follicle. It is stimulated by skin irritants, emotional arousal, or cold temperatures, and reacts by contracting.

A

Arrector pili muscle

87
Q

It is transparent and covers the hair shaft like shingles on a roof, protecting it from the elements and chemicals, and from losing moisture.

A

Cuticle

88
Q

provides most of the hair’s weight. It contains melanin which provides color to the hair,
stores oils, provides flexibility and elasticity and adds shape to the hair.

A

Cortex

89
Q

is an inner hollow core that runs the length of the
shaft. Found in thick hairs only and contains soft keratin

A

Medulla

90
Q
  • Mitosis occurs in the matrix of the root
  • As cells divide, cells above are pushed upward from blood supply
  • Cells keratinize and die
A

Hair Growth

91
Q
  • Cells in matrix stop dividing and begin to die
  • The follicle shortens
  • Hair is pushed upward and remains dormant for a few months
A

Resting Stage

92
Q

Length of average hair growth per month

A

1 cm - 1.5 cm

93
Q

is a type of thin hair that has no pigment. It grows on the skin of a fetus,
and usually falls out by the time the baby is born.

A

Lanugo

94
Q

is thinner than terminal hair, and is nonpigmented. It is found around various places of the body

A

Vellus hair

95
Q

is thick, coarse, and pigmented. It is found on the scalp and around the eyes (eyelashes,eyebrows).

A

Terminal hair

96
Q

Released through sweat pores. Produces sweat that contains antimicrobial compounds to prevent the growth of pathogens. Also functions in thermoregulation.

A

Eccrine sweat glands

97
Q

Sweat released into hair pores. Only in certain parts of the body such as armpits, areolas, and the anal area. Sweat metabolized by bacteria which produces an odor.

A

Apocrine sweat glands

98
Q

Secretes a thick fluid called cerumen (earwax) into hair follicles. Cerumen lines the ears and functions to lubricate the eardrum. Traps particles before they reach the eardrum

A

Ceruminous Glands

99
Q

Produces a sweat called milk. Milk contains, proteins, lipids, sugars, and immune cells to nourish a newborn.

A

Mammary glands

100
Q

are oil glands. They have tiny
ducts that open into each hair follicle

A

Sebaceous

101
Q

secrete a mixture of salt, urea, and water, which microorganisms on the skin convert to odorous products.

A

Apocrine glands

102
Q

release watery secretions in
evaporative cooling

A

Eccrine glands

102
Q

Sweat glands produce

A

Sweat or perspiration

103
Q

they are active only on the pads of the paws or along the lip margins and may be entirely
absent over the rest of the body; such animals often depend on panting for effective temperature control

A

Sudoriferous Glands

104
Q

Are involved in skin problems such as acne and keratosis pilaris. A blocked sebaceous gland can
result in a sebaceouscyst

A

Ceruminous glands

105
Q

Are the organs that, in the female
mammal, produce milk for the
sustenance of the young. These
exocrine glands are enlarged and
modified sweat glands and are the
characteristic of mammals which
gave the class its name

A

Mammary glands

106
Q

are hard structures located at the end of our digits that contain hard keratin

A

Nails

106
Q

Part of the nail that rests on top of the
epidermal nail bed.

A

Nail Plate

107
Q

Deep to the nail plate, nourishes and
protects the nail

A

Nail bed

108
Q

Visible part of the nail

A

Nail body

109
Q

Lies under the skin

A

Nail root

110
Q

Part of the nail with living, dividing cells.
Supplies oxygen to the nail, sight of nail growth

A

Nail matrix

111
Q

Covers the edge of the root

A

Proximal nail fold

112
Q

Also known as the “cuticle”, found at the
base of the nail, protects matrix from infection

A

Eponychium

113
Q

Overlapping of skin that borders the nail
laterally and medially

A

Nail folds

114
Q

Skin that lies under the free edge of the
nail

A

Hyponychium

115
Q

Crescent shaped area where keratin
accumulates

A

Lunula

116
Q

The nail root is also called as what

A

germinal matrix

117
Q

An ingrown toenail happens when the corner
or edge of your toenail curves and grows into
the surrounding skin

A

Ingrown toenail

118
Q
  • Modification of the epidermis
  • Flat, horny plates (fingers and toes in
    primates)
  • Claws (in reptiles, birds, and
    mammals) and hooves (in ungulates,
    are exaggerated nails)
  • Horns in sheep, goats and cattle (not
    to be confused with antler, made of
    bone; not formed in the epidermis)
  • Baleen plates in whales
A

Nail

119
Q

Bird’s skin is divided into

A

(1) feathered skin
(2) scale
covered skin on the lower legs and feet
(3) hard, horny
areas of the beak and toenails
(4) pad of the foot (or plantar); and skin of the comb and wattles

120
Q

The integumentary system of a chicken consists of

A

the feathers, and the appendages (beaks and claw)

121
Q

The areas where feathered skin grows

A

pterylae

122
Q

The areas where feathered skin does not grow

A

apteria

123
Q

color bearing cells that give many lizards and snakes their colorful hues

A

chromatophores

124
Q
  • Skin that excrete pheromones that function in sex recognition and defense
  • Skin has no respiratory function
A

Reptile skin

125
Q

Molting process is also known as

A

ecdysis

126
Q

concentric ridges-milkfish

A

Cycloid scales

127
Q

w/spines or ctenii

A

Ctenoid scales

128
Q

rhomboid shape

A

Ganoid scales

129
Q

spines directed caudally-sharks,skates

A

Placoid scales

130
Q
  • Skin is permeable and functions in gas exchange
  • Epidermis also has mucous glands (prevents
    bacterial and fungal infections, as well as reduc
    friction when the fish swims) and granular gland
    (secrete an irritating / poisonous alkaloid)
A

Bony fish

131
Q

Skins of bony fish contains what scales

A

cycloid, ctenoid, and ganoid

132
Q

The skin is covered in placoid scales
(bony, spiny projections with an enamel-like covering), or dermal denticles, tooth-like
scales different from the flat scales found on bony fish. The dermal denticles is structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth.

A

Cartilaginous Fish

Zoology Midterms (4 decks)

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