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Zoology Midterms > Digestive and respiratory > Flashcards

Digestive and respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

animals whose primary food source is plant- based.

A

herbivores

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2
Q

animals that eat other animals

A

Carnivores

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3
Q

are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients

A

obligate carnivores

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4
Q

are those that also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food

A

Facultative carnivores

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5
Q

are animals that eat both plant- and animal-derived food

A

omnivores

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6
Q

Many aquatic animals are ____, which eat small organisms or food particles suspended in the water.

A

suspension feeders

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7
Q

feeders like the humpback whale shown above move water through a filteringstructure to obtain food.

A

filter feeders

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8
Q

animals that live in or on their food source, eating their way through the food

A

substrate feeder

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9
Q

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host

A

fluid feeder

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10
Q

eat relatively large pieces of food

A

bulk feeders

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11
Q

is found in organisms with only one opening for digestion.

A

gastrovascular cavity

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12
Q

is a more advanced system: it consists of one tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.

A

alimentary canal

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13
Q

this type of digestive system consists of one stomach chamber. Humans and many animals (herbivores) have this system

A

monogastric: single chambered stomach

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14
Q

The stomach of birds has two chambers:

A

proventriculus and gizzard

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15
Q

are mainly herbivores like cows, sheep, and goats, whose entire diet consists of eating large amounts of roughage or fiber.

A

ruminants

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16
Q

The digestive enzymes of these animals cannot break down cellulose, but microorganisms present in the digestive system can. Therefore, the digestive system must be able to handle large amounts of roughage and break down the cellulose.

A

pseudo-ruminant

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17
Q

is a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane andfeatures a basic histological organization that is similar across allof its segments of the tract.

A

GI tract

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18
Q

four layers of the gi tract

A

adventitia, submucosa, muscularis externa (2 layers)

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19
Q

consists of connective tissue containingblood vessels, nerves, and fat.

A

adventitia

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20
Q

is a thick connective tissue layer thatcontains arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves.

A

submucosa

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21
Q

surrounds the submucosa and iscomposed of two muscle layers, the inner circular layer andouter longitudinal layer.

A

muscularis externa

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22
Q

Thereare four distinct types of mucosal variations:

A

Protective mucosa, Secretory mucosa, Absorptive mucosa, Absorptive/protective mucosa

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23
Q

is characterized by a stratified squamousepithelium. It is found in the oral cavity, pharynx,esophagus, and anal canal.

A

Protective mucosa

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24
Q

contains cells that are responsible for thesecretion of digestive enzymes. It is found exclusively in thestomach

A

Secretory mucosa

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25
Q

contains two key structures, crypts andvilli, and is responsible primarily for absorbing digestednutrients. It is found along the entirety of the small intestine.

A

Absorptive mucosa

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26
Q

specializes in waterabsorption and mucous secretion. It is found in the largeintestine.

A

Absorptive/protective mucosa

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27
Q

is the most widespreadepithelium. This type of epithelia varies in thickness depending onthe number of cell layers present.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

are mitotically active andreplace the cells of the epithelium which are lost by “wear andtear”.

A

basal cell

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29
Q

is followed by layers of cells withpolyhedral outlines.

A

basal cell layer

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30
Q

is seen as single layer of tall, closelypacked cells, aligned like soldiers in a row. This epithelial typelines the digestive tract from the stomach to the rectum.

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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31
Q

are mostly associated with absorption andsecretion, and the digestive tract lining has two distinctmodifications that reflect those dual functions:

A

Columnar cells| microvilli and goblet cells

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32
Q

is the point of entry of food into thedigestive system,

A

oral cavity

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33
Q

There are three major glands thatsecrete saliva:

A
  • the parotid* the submandibular* the sublingual.
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34
Q

Saliva contains the following:

A

mucus, immunoglobulins, salivary amylase, lipase

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35
Q

The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and salivaprepare the food into a mass called the

A

bolus

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36
Q

is junction that opens to both theesophagus and the windpipe (trachea).

A

Pharynx

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37
Q

As you swallow, the top ofthe windpipe moves up so that its opening, the ____, is blockedby a cartilaginous flap called the ______

A

glottis, epiglottis

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38
Q

is a tubular organ that connects the mouth to thestomach.

A

Esophagus

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39
Q

The smooth muscles of theesophagus undergo a series of wave like movementscalled __ that push the food toward the stomach

A

peristalsis

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40
Q

A ring-like muscle called a __ forms valves in the digestivesystem.

A

sphincter

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41
Q

__ is located at thestomach end of the esophagus.

A

gastro-esophageal sphincter

42
Q

True or false. Many animals have a true sphincter; however, in humans, there is no true sphincter, but theesophagus remains closed when there is no swallowing action.

A

True

43
Q

occurs when the acidic digestive juicesescape into the esophagus.

A

Acid reflux or “heartburn”

44
Q

is a saclike organ that secretes gastric digestivejuices.

A

stomach

45
Q

Protein digestion is mediated by an enzyme called __ in the stomach chamber.

A

pepsin

46
Q

Another cell type secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which combine in the lumen to form hydrochloric acid, the primary acidic component of the stomach juices.

A

parietal cells

47
Q

The partially digested food and gastric juicemixture is called

A

chyme

48
Q

is the organ where the digestion of protein, fats, andcarbohydrates is completed.

A

small intestine

49
Q

The small intestine is a long tube-likeorgan with a highly folded surface containing finger-likeprojections called the

A

villi

50
Q

The apical surface of each villus hasmany microscopic projections called.

A

microvilli

51
Q

The human small intestine is over 6m long and is divided intothree parts:

A

a. duodenum

b. jejunum

c. ileum

52
Q

is produced in the liver and stored and concentrated in thegallbladder.

A

bile

53
Q

reabsorbs the water from theundigested food material and processes the waste material.

A

large intestine

54
Q

three parts of the large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum

55
Q

is an opening at the far-end of the digestive tract and isthe exit point for the waste material.

A

anus

56
Q

Two sphincters between therectum and anus control elimination:

A

the inner sphincter isinvoluntary and the outer sphincter is voluntary.

57
Q

are organs that add secretions (enzymes) that catabolize food into nutrients.

A

Accessory Organs

58
Q

is the largest internal organ in humans and it plays a veryimportant role in digestion of fats and detoxifying blood.

A

liver

59
Q

is a small organ that aids the liver by storing bileand concentrating bile salts.

A

gallbladder

60
Q

is the processof taking in food through the mouth.

A

ingestion

61
Q

is the mechanical and chemical break down of food intosmall organic fragments.

A

digestion

62
Q

The disaccharides are broken downinto monosaccharides by enzymes called

A

maltases, sucrases,and lactases

63
Q

is a process in which large lipidglobules are broken down into several small lipid globules.

A

emulsification

64
Q

contain triglycerides,cholesterol, and other lipids and have proteins on their surface.

A

Chylomicrons

65
Q

Fat solublevitamins are absorbed in the same manner as

A

lipids

66
Q

Water-soluble vitamins canbe directly absorbed into the bloodstream from the

A

intestine

67
Q

is a condition wherethe feces are hardened because of excess water removal in thecolon.

A

constipation

68
Q

if enough water is not removed from the feces,it results in

A

diarrhea

69
Q

is elimination of food by forceful expulsionthrough the mouth.

A

Emesis, or vomiting

70
Q

The source of O2, called the

A

respiratory medium,

71
Q

The part of an animal’s body where gas is exchanged with thesurrounding environment is called the

A

respiratory surface.

72
Q

is a slow, passive transport process. In orderfor diffusion to be a feasible means of providing oxygen to the cell,the rate of oxygen uptake must match the rate of diffusion acrossthe membrane.

A

diffusion

73
Q

Systems of Gas Exchange

A

Direct Diffusion, Skin and Gills, Tracheal Systems in Insects, Mammalian Respiratory System

74
Q

is the mostabundant cartilage type in the body.

A

hyaline cartilage

75
Q

The respiratory or gas-exchange region of the lung is composed ofmillions of

A

alveoli

76
Q

Tissue types in the respiratory system

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, hyaline cartilage, Simple squamous epithelium.

77
Q

During inhalation, air enters the body through the __ located just inside the nose.

A

nasal cavity

78
Q

is coated with mucus to seal thetissues from direct contact with air.

A

respiratory tract

79
Q

From the nasal cavity, air passes through the __ andthe ___, as it makes its way to the __

A

pharynx (throat); larynx (voice box); trachea

80
Q

The main function of the trachea

A

to funnel the inhaled air to the lungs and the exhaled air back out of the body.

81
Q

True or false. The lungs are not identical

A

true

82
Q

The ___ is larger andcontains three lobes, whereas the smaller __ contains twolobes.

A

right lung; left lung

83
Q

In the lungs, air is diverted into smaller and smaller passages, called

A

brochi

84
Q

Each bronchus divides intosecondary bronchi, then into tertiary bronchi, which in turn divide,creating smaller and smaller diameter ____ as they split

A

bronchioles

85
Q

bronchioleswith a diameter smaller than 0.5 mm are the

A

respiratorybronchioles

86
Q

subdivide into microscopic branchescalled respiratory bronchioles.

A

terminal bronchioles

87
Q

___ are attachedto the end of each bronchiole. At the end of each duct areapproximately 100 ___, each containing 20 to 30 ___

A

alveolar ducts; alveolar sacs; alveoli

88
Q

Gas exchangeoccurs only in

A

alveoli

89
Q

Alveoli are in direct contact with ____of the circulatory system.

A

capillaries (one-cell thick)

90
Q

The air that organisms breathe contains ___ suchas dust, dirt, viral particles, and bacteria that can damage thelungs or trigger allergic immune responses.

A

particulate matter

91
Q

The breathing mechanism involves two processes:

A
  • Inspiration* Expiration
92
Q

In the process of ____, there would be acontraction of muscles attached to the ribs on the outer sidewhich pulls out the ribs and results in the expansion of the chestcavity.

A

inspiration or inhalation

93
Q

The ___ process is considered once after the gaseousexchange occurs in the lungs and the air is expelled out.

A

expiration process

94
Q

The neurons mainly responsible for regulating breathing are in the ___, near the base of the brain

A

medulla oblongata

95
Q

wheezing and breathlessness caused by anarrowing of the airways

A

asthma

96
Q

inflammation of the lung’s larger airways

A

bronchitis

97
Q

disease of the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs

A

ephysema

98
Q

an allergic reaction to pollen, dust or otherirritants

A

hay fever

99
Q

caused by viruses

A

influenza

100
Q

inflammation of the voice box (larynx)

A

laryngitis

101
Q

infection of the lung

A

pneumonia

Zoology Midterms (4 decks)

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