Digestive and respiratory Flashcards
animals whose primary food source is plant- based.
herbivores
animals that eat other animals
Carnivores
are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients
obligate carnivores
are those that also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food
Facultative carnivores
are animals that eat both plant- and animal-derived food
omnivores
Many aquatic animals are ____, which eat small organisms or food particles suspended in the water.
suspension feeders
feeders like the humpback whale shown above move water through a filteringstructure to obtain food.
filter feeders
animals that live in or on their food source, eating their way through the food
substrate feeder
suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host
fluid feeder
eat relatively large pieces of food
bulk feeders
is found in organisms with only one opening for digestion.
gastrovascular cavity
is a more advanced system: it consists of one tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.
alimentary canal
this type of digestive system consists of one stomach chamber. Humans and many animals (herbivores) have this system
monogastric: single chambered stomach
The stomach of birds has two chambers:
proventriculus and gizzard
are mainly herbivores like cows, sheep, and goats, whose entire diet consists of eating large amounts of roughage or fiber.
ruminants
The digestive enzymes of these animals cannot break down cellulose, but microorganisms present in the digestive system can. Therefore, the digestive system must be able to handle large amounts of roughage and break down the cellulose.
pseudo-ruminant
is a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane andfeatures a basic histological organization that is similar across allof its segments of the tract.
GI tract
four layers of the gi tract
adventitia, submucosa, muscularis externa (2 layers)
consists of connective tissue containingblood vessels, nerves, and fat.
adventitia
is a thick connective tissue layer thatcontains arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves.
submucosa
surrounds the submucosa and iscomposed of two muscle layers, the inner circular layer andouter longitudinal layer.
muscularis externa
Thereare four distinct types of mucosal variations:
Protective mucosa, Secretory mucosa, Absorptive mucosa, Absorptive/protective mucosa
is characterized by a stratified squamousepithelium. It is found in the oral cavity, pharynx,esophagus, and anal canal.
Protective mucosa
contains cells that are responsible for thesecretion of digestive enzymes. It is found exclusively in thestomach
Secretory mucosa
contains two key structures, crypts andvilli, and is responsible primarily for absorbing digestednutrients. It is found along the entirety of the small intestine.
Absorptive mucosa
specializes in waterabsorption and mucous secretion. It is found in the largeintestine.
Absorptive/protective mucosa
is the most widespreadepithelium. This type of epithelia varies in thickness depending onthe number of cell layers present.
Stratified squamous epithelium
are mitotically active andreplace the cells of the epithelium which are lost by “wear andtear”.
basal cell
is followed by layers of cells withpolyhedral outlines.
basal cell layer
is seen as single layer of tall, closelypacked cells, aligned like soldiers in a row. This epithelial typelines the digestive tract from the stomach to the rectum.
Simple columnar epithelium
are mostly associated with absorption andsecretion, and the digestive tract lining has two distinctmodifications that reflect those dual functions:
Columnar cells| microvilli and goblet cells
is the point of entry of food into thedigestive system,
oral cavity
There are three major glands thatsecrete saliva:
- the parotid* the submandibular* the sublingual.
Saliva contains the following:
mucus, immunoglobulins, salivary amylase, lipase
The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and salivaprepare the food into a mass called the
bolus
is junction that opens to both theesophagus and the windpipe (trachea).
Pharynx
As you swallow, the top ofthe windpipe moves up so that its opening, the ____, is blockedby a cartilaginous flap called the ______
glottis, epiglottis
is a tubular organ that connects the mouth to thestomach.
Esophagus
The smooth muscles of theesophagus undergo a series of wave like movementscalled __ that push the food toward the stomach
peristalsis
A ring-like muscle called a __ forms valves in the digestivesystem.
sphincter
__ is located at thestomach end of the esophagus.
gastro-esophageal sphincter
True or false. Many animals have a true sphincter; however, in humans, there is no true sphincter, but theesophagus remains closed when there is no swallowing action.
True
occurs when the acidic digestive juicesescape into the esophagus.
Acid reflux or “heartburn”
is a saclike organ that secretes gastric digestivejuices.
stomach
Protein digestion is mediated by an enzyme called __ in the stomach chamber.
pepsin
Another cell type secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which combine in the lumen to form hydrochloric acid, the primary acidic component of the stomach juices.
parietal cells
The partially digested food and gastric juicemixture is called
chyme
is the organ where the digestion of protein, fats, andcarbohydrates is completed.
small intestine
The small intestine is a long tube-likeorgan with a highly folded surface containing finger-likeprojections called the
villi
The apical surface of each villus hasmany microscopic projections called.
microvilli
The human small intestine is over 6m long and is divided intothree parts:
a. duodenum
b. jejunum
c. ileum
is produced in the liver and stored and concentrated in thegallbladder.
bile
reabsorbs the water from theundigested food material and processes the waste material.
large intestine
three parts of the large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum
is an opening at the far-end of the digestive tract and isthe exit point for the waste material.
anus
Two sphincters between therectum and anus control elimination:
the inner sphincter isinvoluntary and the outer sphincter is voluntary.
are organs that add secretions (enzymes) that catabolize food into nutrients.
Accessory Organs
is the largest internal organ in humans and it plays a veryimportant role in digestion of fats and detoxifying blood.
liver
is a small organ that aids the liver by storing bileand concentrating bile salts.
gallbladder
is the processof taking in food through the mouth.
ingestion
is the mechanical and chemical break down of food intosmall organic fragments.
digestion
The disaccharides are broken downinto monosaccharides by enzymes called
maltases, sucrases,and lactases
is a process in which large lipidglobules are broken down into several small lipid globules.
emulsification
contain triglycerides,cholesterol, and other lipids and have proteins on their surface.
Chylomicrons
Fat solublevitamins are absorbed in the same manner as
lipids
Water-soluble vitamins canbe directly absorbed into the bloodstream from the
intestine
is a condition wherethe feces are hardened because of excess water removal in thecolon.
constipation
if enough water is not removed from the feces,it results in
diarrhea
is elimination of food by forceful expulsionthrough the mouth.
Emesis, or vomiting
The source of O2, called the
respiratory medium,
The part of an animal’s body where gas is exchanged with thesurrounding environment is called the
respiratory surface.
is a slow, passive transport process. In orderfor diffusion to be a feasible means of providing oxygen to the cell,the rate of oxygen uptake must match the rate of diffusion acrossthe membrane.
diffusion
Systems of Gas Exchange
Direct Diffusion, Skin and Gills, Tracheal Systems in Insects, Mammalian Respiratory System
is the mostabundant cartilage type in the body.
hyaline cartilage
The respiratory or gas-exchange region of the lung is composed ofmillions of
alveoli
Tissue types in the respiratory system
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, hyaline cartilage, Simple squamous epithelium.
During inhalation, air enters the body through the __ located just inside the nose.
nasal cavity
is coated with mucus to seal thetissues from direct contact with air.
respiratory tract
From the nasal cavity, air passes through the __ andthe ___, as it makes its way to the __
pharynx (throat); larynx (voice box); trachea
The main function of the trachea
to funnel the inhaled air to the lungs and the exhaled air back out of the body.
True or false. The lungs are not identical
true
The ___ is larger andcontains three lobes, whereas the smaller __ contains twolobes.
right lung; left lung
In the lungs, air is diverted into smaller and smaller passages, called
brochi
Each bronchus divides intosecondary bronchi, then into tertiary bronchi, which in turn divide,creating smaller and smaller diameter ____ as they split
bronchioles
bronchioleswith a diameter smaller than 0.5 mm are the
respiratorybronchioles
subdivide into microscopic branchescalled respiratory bronchioles.
terminal bronchioles
___ are attachedto the end of each bronchiole. At the end of each duct areapproximately 100 ___, each containing 20 to 30 ___
alveolar ducts; alveolar sacs; alveoli
Gas exchangeoccurs only in
alveoli
Alveoli are in direct contact with ____of the circulatory system.
capillaries (one-cell thick)
The air that organisms breathe contains ___ suchas dust, dirt, viral particles, and bacteria that can damage thelungs or trigger allergic immune responses.
particulate matter
The breathing mechanism involves two processes:
- Inspiration* Expiration
In the process of ____, there would be acontraction of muscles attached to the ribs on the outer sidewhich pulls out the ribs and results in the expansion of the chestcavity.
inspiration or inhalation
The ___ process is considered once after the gaseousexchange occurs in the lungs and the air is expelled out.
expiration process
The neurons mainly responsible for regulating breathing are in the ___, near the base of the brain
medulla oblongata
wheezing and breathlessness caused by anarrowing of the airways
asthma
inflammation of the lung’s larger airways
bronchitis
disease of the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs
ephysema
an allergic reaction to pollen, dust or otherirritants
hay fever
caused by viruses
influenza
inflammation of the voice box (larynx)
laryngitis
infection of the lung
pneumonia
