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A&P 1 Review > Skelatal System > Flashcards

Skelatal System Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal system is made up of

A

bone tissue, cartilage, blood, dense connective tissue, and nervous tissue

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2
Q

Bone functions

A

attach to muscles, protect softer tissues, contain cells that produce blood, store salts, and form blood vessels and nerve passageways

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3
Q

work with muscles to

A

maintain body position and control precise movements

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4
Q

Flat bones

A

ribs, shoulder bones, certain skull bones

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5
Q

Irregular bones

A

many facial bones, spinal and pelvic vertebrae

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6
Q

Sesamoid (round) bones

A

inside tendons near joints in the knees, hands, and feet

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7
Q

Short bones

A

wrist and ankle bones

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8
Q

Long bones

A

arm, forearm, thigh, leg, palms, soles, fingers, toes

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9
Q

longer bone shafts with expanded ends

A

Long bones

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10
Q

At each end of long bones which articulate and connect with other bones

A

epiphysis

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11
Q

articular cartilage

A

What the articulating portion of long bone is coated in

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12
Q

epiphysis consists primarily of

A

spongy or cancellous bone

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13
Q

diaphysis

A

is connected to each epiphysis, and has walls consisting of a layer of compact or dense bone

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14
Q

relatively solid, contains a central space called the marrow cavity

A

Compact bone

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15
Q

A cellular layer lining the marrow cavity

A

endosteum

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16
Q

diaphysis portion forms a tube that contains

A

hollow medullary cavity

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17
Q

all bones are covered by

A

superficial periosteum layer

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18
Q

processes

A

create sites where ligaments and tendons can attach

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19
Q

osteocytes

A

occupy small chambers (lacunae)

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20
Q

create concentric circles around central (Haversian) canals in bones

A

(lacunae)

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21
Q

canaliculi

A

microscopic canals

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22
Q

Compact bones have a central canal that helps to make up cylinder-shaped osteons

A

Haversian systems

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23
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

the process of blood cell production that begins in the yolk sac of the developing embryo

occurs in the red bone marrow, which is located in some spongy bone

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24
Q

Red bone marrow contains

A

stem cells that form all of the blood cell types

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25
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells

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26
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

red bone marrow degenerates into a fatty tissue

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27
Q

Adults also have red bone marrow in

A

proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus

certain portions of the axial skeleton

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28
Q

bones act as

A

levers

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29
Q

bones store

A

more than 90% of the minerals calcium and phosphorus

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30
Q

bone tissue is broken down so that they can be released into the bloodstream

A

When minerals are needed

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31
Q

Calcium is essential for

A

muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission

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32
Q

Phosphate

A

is required for ATP utilization

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33
Q

Bones begin to form during

A

the first six weeks after fertilization

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34
Q

Intramembranous bones

A

originate between layers of connective tissues that are “sheet-like” in appearance

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35
Q

Bone-forming cells develop, depositing bony matrix around them to become osteocytes

A

osteoblasts

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36
Q

Endochondral bones

A

begin as cartilaginous masses that are eventually replaced by bone tissue

develop from hyaline cartilage that is shaped similarly to the bones they will become

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37
Q

When a spongy bone begins to replace the original cartilage,

A

primary ossification center is created

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38
Q

will appear in the epiphyses, forming more spongy bone

A

secondary ossification centers

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39
Q

ossification

A

The process of replacing other tissues with bone

involves the deposition of calcium salts

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40
Q

Osteogenesis

A

formation of bone

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41
Q

Long bones are first formed of

A

hyaline cartilage, replaced by bony tissue that becomes compact bone

42
Q

Osteogenesis begins with

A

Diaphysis and ends with epiphyses (endochondral ossification)

43
Q

Flat bones are not formed via

A

intramembranous ossification

44
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bones develop from connective tissue membranes that are replaced by spongy bone, and then compact bone

45
Q

exists where the diaphyses meet the epiphyses

It is made of:
–Reserve cartilage
–Proliferating (hyperplastic) cartilage
–Hypertrophic cartilage
–Calcified matrix

A

Epiphyseal Plate

46
Q

the long bones can no longer grow

A

Once the epiphyseal plate experiences “closure”

47
Q

cells that produce bone matrix – they are related to osteoprogenitor cells and osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

48
Q

mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

49
Q

large, multinucleated bone cells – also known as osteophages

A

Osteoclasts/osteophages

50
Q

Axial skeleton

A

supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk; includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

51
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

contains the upper and lower limb bones, as well as the bones anchoring the limbs to the axial skeleton; includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

52
Q

human skull is made up of

A

22 firmly interlocked bones

53
Q

Skull bones divided into

A

Facial and cranium

54
Q

lines where the bones of the skull lock together

A

sutures

55
Q

mandible

A

is attached to the cranium by ligaments

56
Q

Air-filled spaces inside the cranial bones

help the voice to resonate and also reduce the weight of the skull

A

paranasal sinuses

57
Q

facial skeleton(14)

A

Maxillae – form the upper jaw, anterior roof of the mouth, floors of the eye orbits, and the nasal cavity sides and floor
–Zygomatic bones – form the cheek prominences below the eyes as well as the lateral walls and floors of the eye orbits
–Nasal bones – form the bridge of the nose
–Vomer bone – forms the nasal septum
–Inferior nasal conchae – support the mucous membranes of the cavity

58
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

7 structures that comprise the neck – the atlas (1st vertebrae) supports the head with two kidney-shaped facets; the axis (2nd vertebrae) has a process (dens) that it pivots around

59
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

12 structures that increase in size, moving down the spine, which articulate with the ribs

60
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

five structures in the lower back that are larger than the thoracic vertebrae, to support more body weight

61
Q

triangular structure containing five fused vertebrae that form the vertebral column’s base

A

Sacrum

62
Q

(tailbone) – the lowest part of the vertebral column, composed of four fused vertebrae

A

Coccyx

63
Q

thorax

A

comprised of the thoracic cage, which includes 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum (breastbone), and costal cartilages attaching the ribs to the sternum anteriorly

64
Q

true ribs

A

first seven

65
Q

false ribs

A

The last five

66
Q

floating

A

Final two ribs

67
Q

pectoral girdle

A

made up of a clavicle (collarbone) and a scapula (shoulder blade) on each side

68
Q

clavicles

A

collarbones) are shaped like rods with an elongated “S” shape

They are located at the base of the neck, bracing the scapulae to hold the shoulders in place

69
Q

The scapulae

A

(shoulder blades) are somewhat triangular bones on either side of the upper back

70
Q

Hand

A

wrist, palm, and fingers

71
Q

metacarpals articulate with

A

carpals and phalanges (finger bones)

72
Q

pelvic girdle

A

Two hipbones

which articulate with each other and the sacrum

attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle form the pelvis

73
Q

the largest portion of the hipbone, and forms the prominence of the hip

A

ilium

74
Q

is the L-shaped, lowest portion of the hipbone – it supports the weight of the body when sitting

A

ischium

75
Q

the anterior portion of the hipbone, and forms an angle known as the pubic arch

A

pubis

76
Q

lower limbs

A

femur (thighbone)
kneecap (patella)
tibia (shinbone
fibula

77
Q

made up of seven tarsal bones that are arranged so that the talus bone moves freely where it joins the leg bones

A

ankle (tarsus)

78
Q

largest tarsal bone

A

calcaneus (heel bone)

79
Q

is made up of five metatarsal bones

A

instep (metatarsus)

80
Q

articulations
junctions between bones, and vary widely in structure and function

They are classified by how they move and according to the types of tissue that binds bones together at the joint

A

Joints

81
Q

Joints are classified as:

A

Synarthrotic (immovable)
–Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
–Diarthrotic (freely movable)
–Fibrous
–Cartilaginous
–Synovial

82
Q

total of 230 joints in the human body

A
83
Q

Fibrous joints

A

lying between bones that closely contact each other – they are joined by thin, dense connective tissue

84
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

connected by hyaline cartilage (fibrocartilage), these joints include those that separate the vertebrae

85
Q

those that allow free movement, are more complex, and have an inner lining that secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint

A

Synovial joints

86
Q

Some synovial joints have shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads

A

menisci and/or fluid-filled sacs (bursae)

87
Q

Ball and socket

A

Shoulders and hips

88
Q

Condyloid(ellipsodial)

A

Between metacarpals and phalanges

89
Q

Gliding plane

A

In wrists and ankles

90
Q

Hinge

A

In elbows and phalanges

91
Q

Pivot

A

Between proximal ends of radius and ulna

92
Q

Saddle

A

Between carpal and metacarpal bones

93
Q

Flexion

A

bending at a joint so that parts come closer together (opposite of extension)

94
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

moving the ankle so that the foot comes closer to the shin (opposite of plantar flexion)

95
Q

Hyperextension

A

extending parts at a joint beyond normal range of motion

96
Q

Abduction

A

moving a part away from the body’s midline (opposite of adduction)

97
Q

Rotation

A

moving a part around an axis

98
Q

Circumduction

A

moving a part so that its end follows a circular path

99
Q

turning the hand so that the palm is downward, facing posteriorly (opposite of supination)

A

Pronation

100
Q

Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally (opposite of inversion)

A

Eversion

101
Q

moving a part backward (opposite of protraction)

A

Retraction

102
Q

raising a part (opposite of depression)

A

Elevation

A&P 1 Review (4 decks)

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