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A&P 1 Review > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Regional anatomy

A

is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.

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2
Q

systemic anatomy

A

is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system

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3
Q

physiology

A

is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.

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5
Q

organ systems each have different functions

A

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, and reproduction.

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6
Q

6 environments related to an organism

A
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7
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.

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8
Q

Catabolisim

A

Release energy

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9
Q

Anabolism

A

Requires energy

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10
Q

Responsiveness

A

the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.

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11
Q

An example of responsiveness

A

moving toward sources of food and water and away from perceived dangers

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12
Q

Development

A

all of the changes the body goes through in life

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13
Q

differentiation

A

unspecialized cells become specialized

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14
Q

Growth

A

generally the increase in body size.

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15
Q

All multicellular organisms, grow by :

A

increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells.

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16
Q

Reproduction

A

the formation of a new organism from parent organisms

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17
Q

Requirements of life

A

Oxygen

Nutrients

Narrow range of temperature

Narrow range of atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

Oxygen

A

key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP.

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19
Q

Nutrients

A

substances in foods and beverages that are essential to human survival.

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20
Q

The three basic classes of nutrients

A

water
the energy-yielding and body-building nutrients (lipids, carbs, proteins)
the micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).

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21
Q

Narrow range of temperature

A

The chemical reactions upon which the body depends can only take place within a narrow range of body temperature

just above 37°C (98.6°F)

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22
Q

Narrow range of atmospheric pressure

A

Atmospheric pressure is pressure exerted by the mixture of gases (primarily nitrogen and oxygen) in the Earth’s atmosphere.

This pressure keeps gases within the body

affects one’s ability to breathe—that is, to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously monitor its internal conditions

body temperature, blood pressure, certain nutrients etc.p. J v

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24
Q

The three types of muscle include

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

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25
Q

make up of the muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles, along with other types of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and other connective tissues,

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26
Q

fascia

A

layers of fibrous connective tissue

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27
Q

Individual skeletal muscles are separated from other muscles and held in position by

A

Fascia

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28
Q

Fascia

A

surrounds every muscle and may form cordlike tendons beyond each muscle’s end

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29
Q

aponeuroses

A

Broad sheets of fibers that may attach to bones or to the coverings of other muscles

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30
Q

epimysium

A

Surround muscles closely

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31
Q

Perimysium

A

Separates the muscle into small compartments

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32
Q

fascicles

A

Found inside perimysium

Made up of bundles of skeletal muscle fibers

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33
Q

endomysium

A

Inside fascicles

Contain muscle fibers

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34
Q

skeletal muscle fiber

A

A single cell that contracts in response to stimulation and relaxes when the stimulation ceases

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35
Q

sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane of a Muscle cell

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36
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm

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37
Q

sarcoplasm is made up of

A

many threadlike myofibrils arranged in a parallel fashion to each other

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38
Q

Myofibrils

A

have thick protein filaments composed of myosin, and thin protein filaments mostly composed of actin

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39
Q

myosin

A

thick protein filaments

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40
Q

actin

A

thin protein filaments

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41
Q

striations

A

areas of alternating, colored bands of skeletal muscle fiber

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42
Q

sarcomeres

A

The repeating patterns of striation units

that appear along each muscle fiber

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43
Q

two main parts of the striation pattern

A

light bands (I bands)

dark bands (A bands)

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44
Q

light bands (I bands)

A

made up of thin filaments of actin attached to Z lines

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45
Q

dark bands (A bands)

A

made up of thick filaments of myosin
Overlap actin

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46
Q

striation pattern of skeletal muscle fibers

A

I bands
A bands
H zone ( central region)
M line
Z line

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47
Q

Inside the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

network of channels surrounds each myofibril

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48
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Formed by fibrous network of channels surrounding myofibrils

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49
Q

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

A

Membranous channels extending inward and passing through fiber

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50
Q

cisternae

A

Enlarged structures in which t tubules lie in between

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51
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A

conduct nerve impulses

52
Q

Motor neurons

A

control effectors, which include skeletal muscle

53
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber is connected in a functional manner to

A

the axon of a motor neuro

54
Q

synapse

A

functional connection

55
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that enable communication

56
Q

At the synapses

A

neurons communicate with other cells by releasing neurotransmitters

57
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

58
Q

motor end plate

A

formed by specialized muscle fiber membrane

59
Q

Motor end plates have

A

abundant mitochondria and nuclei, with greatly folded sarcolemmas

60
Q

Most muscle fibers have

A

a single motor end plate

61
Q

motor neuron axons have many branches connecting

A

the motor neuron to various muscle fibers

62
Q

All muscle fibers contract when

A

When an impulse is transmitted

63
Q

motor unit

A

is therefore made up of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls

64
Q

Motor unit

A

Composed of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

65
Q

Skeletal muscles contract when

A

organelles and molecules that bind myosin to actin cause a pulling action

66
Q

Myosin molecules are made up

A

two protein strands with globe-shaped cross-bridges that project outward

67
Q

Actin molecules are globe-shaped with

A

binding “site” that attaches to myosin cross-bridges

68
Q

Groups of many actin molecules

A

twist in double strands (helixes) to form an actin (thin) filament

69
Q

troponin and tropomyosin

A

Included in the actin filament

70
Q

One subunit of the troponin molecule

A

binds to tropomyosin,

71
Q

troponin-tropomyosin complex

A

Bindings of one subunit of troponin and tropomyosin

72
Q

subunit bonded to G actin

A

Hold the complex position

73
Q

Muscle contractions cannot occur unless

A

position of the troponin-tropomyosin complex changes to expose the active sites on F actin

74
Q

The functional unit of skeletal unit

A

Sarcomere

75
Q

Sarcomers shorten

A

A skeletal muscle contracts
Cross bridges pulling on actin

76
Q

sliding filament model

A

the way that sarcomeres shorten, with thick and thin filaments sliding past each other toward the center of the sarcomere, from both ends

77
Q

Myosin filaments contain

A

ATPase in their globe-shaped portions

78
Q

Atpase

A

Catalyzes the breakdown of ATP, add, and phosphate
Creating nrg

79
Q

Myosin cross bridges position:

A

Cocked (binding to actin to pull filaments)

80
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract

81
Q

Acetylcholine releases into synaptic clef

A

rapidly diffuses, increasing certain protein receptors’ permeability to sodium

82
Q

high calcium ion concentration

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum responds by making the cisternae membranes more permeable, diffusing calcium into the sarcoplasm

83
Q

Troponin and tropomyosin interact to form

A

linkages between actin and myosin filaments

84
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

Caused by decomp of acetylcholine by acetyl cholinesterase

85
Q

when fibers are active

A

ATP must be regenerated using existing ATP molecules in cell

86
Q

ADP and phosphate

A

Regenerate ATP

87
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

Regenerates ATP regeneration with high energy phosphate bonds

88
Q

ATP breaks down

A

energy from creatine phosphate is transferred to ADP molecules to covert them back into ATP

89
Q

Oxygen is required for

A

the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondria

90
Q

Red blood cells

A

carry oxygen, bound to hemoglobin molecules

91
Q

hemoglobin

A

the pigment that makes blood appear red in color

92
Q

myoglobin

A

A pig Manet synthesized in the muscles to give reddish brown color

93
Q

skeletal muscles are used for a minute or more,

A

anaerobic respiration is required for energy

94
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

glucose is broken down via glycolysis to yield pyruvic acid, which reacts to produce lactic acid

95
Q

Lactic acid can accumulate in muscles

A

diffuses in the bloodstream, reaching the liver, where it is synthesized into glucose

96
Q

When exercising strenuously, oxygen is used

A

mostly to synthesize ATP

97
Q

oxygen debt

A

Created as lactic acid increases

98
Q

Low to moderate exercise

A

blood flow to provides enough oxygen for the cells’ needs

99
Q

Glycolysis leads to formation

A

of pyruvic acid and aerobic respiration

100
Q

For skeletal muscle

A

36 ATP per glucose is
Exhalation of carbon dioxide

101
Q

oxygen supply to be lower than that which is needed by cells

A

Higher level exercise

102
Q

Glycolysis leads to formation of lactic acid

A

In high levels of exercise

103
Q

Results of high exercise

A

2 ATP per glucose is produced
The result is an accumulation of lactic acid

104
Q

fatigue

A

Prolonged exercise may cause a muscle to become unable to contract

105
Q

The cause of muscular fatigue

A

Lactic acid accumulation

106
Q

Most of the energy that is released in cellular respiration becomes :

A

Heat

107
Q

Muscle tissue generates a lot of heat because

A

Muscles formally of body mass

108
Q

Body temperature is partially maintained by

A

the blood transporting heat generated by the muscle to other body tissues

109
Q

myogram

A

Can be used to see contraction (twitch) of muscle

110
Q

A muscle fiber will remain unresponsive until

A

the threshold stimulus is applied

111
Q

The contractile response of a fiber to an impulse which consists of a period of contraction followed by a period of relaxation

A

twitch

112
Q

When a muscle appears to be at rest, its fibers still undergo some sustained contraction

A

muscle tone or tonus

113
Q

One end of a skeletal muscle usually is fastened to a relatively immovable part

A

origin

114
Q

connects to a movable part

A

insertion

115
Q

biceps brachii muscle of the arm

A

More than one origin or insertion

116
Q

Skeletal muscles usually function in

A

groups

117
Q

A muscle that contracts to provide most of a desired movement is called

A

prime mover or agonist

118
Q

muscles work with a prime mover to make its action more effective

A

synergists

119
Q

cause movement in the opposite direction

A

antagonists

120
Q

elongated shapes with tapered ends

does not have the striations that skeletal muscle has because

A

Smooth muscle cells

121
Q

has separated muscle fibers, and is found in the irises of the eyes as well as the walls of blood vessels

A

Multiunit smooth muscle

122
Q

Visceral smooth muscle

A

is made up of sheets of cells that are spindle-shaped – it is found in the walls of hollow organ

123
Q

a pattern of repeated contractions

which is caused by self-exciting fibers

A

rhythmicity

124
Q

wavelike motion of many tubular organs

caused by these features of visceral smooth muscle

A

peristalsis

125
Q

found only in the heart

up of striated cells that are connected into three-dimensional networks
Less calcium is stored
longer muscle twitches than in skeletal muscle

A

Cardiac muscle

126
Q

Effects of Aging on
the Muscular System

A

tissues decrease in strength and size as we age

Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter as the number of myofibrils decreases
Skeletal muscles also become less elastic as fibrosis occurs

A&P 1 Review (4 decks)

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