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A&P 1 Review > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

largest system of the body:

A

integument

16% of body weight
–1.5 to 2 m2 in area

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2
Q

Parts of the Integument

A

cutaneous membrane (skin)
2.accessory structures

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3
Q

Parts of the
Cutaneous Membrane

A

•Outer epidermis:
–superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)
•Inner dermis:
–connective tissues

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4
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Originate in the dermis
•Extend through the epidermis to skin surface:
–hair
–nails
–multicellular exocrine glands

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5
Q

Connections

A

•Circulatory system:
–blood vessels in the dermis
•Nervous system:
–sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature

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6
Q

The Subcutaneous Layer

A

(superficial fascia or hypodermis):
–loose connective tissue
–below the dermis
–location of hypodermic injections

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7
Q

Functions of Skin

A

Protects underlying tissues and organs
•Excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
•Maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
Synthesizes vitamin D3
•Stores lipids
•Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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8
Q

Avascular stratified squamous epithelium
•Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

Cells of the Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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10
Q

Keratinocytes

A

contain large amounts of keratin
–the most abundant cells in the epidermis

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11
Q

Thin Skin

A

Covers most of the body
•Has 4 layers of keratinocytes

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12
Q

Thick Skin

A

Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
•Has 5 layers of keratinocytes

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13
Q

5 strata of keratinocytes in thick skin

A

From basal lamina to free surface:
–stratum germinativum
–stratum spinosum
–stratum granulosum
–stratum lucidum
–stratum corneum

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14
Q

Stratum Germinativum

A

has many germinative (stem) cells or basal cells
–is attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes
–forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis

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15
Q

Structures of
Stratum Germinativum

A

Epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints)
•Dermal papillae (tiny mounds):
–increase the area of basal lamina
–strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis

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16
Q

Cells of Stratum Germinativum

A

Merkel cells:
–found in hairless skin
–respond to touch (trigger nervous system)
•Melanocytes:
–contain the pigment melanin
–scattered throughout stratum germinativum

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17
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

The “spiny layer”:
–produced by division of stratum germinosum
–8–10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
–cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (spiny)

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18
Q

Cells of Stratum Spinosum

A

Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
•Contain Langerhans cells, active in immune response

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19
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

The “grainy layer”
•Stops dividing, starts producing:
–keratin:

–keratohyalin

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20
Q

keratin

A

a tough, fibrous protein
•makes up hair and nails

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21
Q

keratohyalin

A

dense granules
•cross-link keratin fibers

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22
Q

Cells of Stratum Granulosum

A

Produce protein fibers
•Dehydrate and die
•Create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

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23
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

The “clear layer”:
–found only in thick skin
–covers stratum granulosum

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24
Q

Cells of Stratum Lucida

A

Flat
•Dense
•Filled with keratin

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25
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

The “horn layer”:
–exposed surface of skin
–15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
–water resistant
–shed and replaced every 2 weeks

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26
Q

Keratinization

A

The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin
•Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes

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27
Q

Skin Life Cycle

A

It takes 15–30 days for a cell to move from stratum germinosum to stratum corneum

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28
Q

Perspiration

A

Insensible perspiration:

•Sensible perspiration:

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29
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

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30
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

water excreted by sweat glands

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31
Q

Dehydration results

A

from damage to stratum corneum, e.g., burns and blisters (insensible perspiration)
–from immersion in hypertonic solution, e.g., seawater (osmosis)

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32
Q

Hydration

A

results from immersion in hypotonic solution, e.g., freshwater (osmosis)
–causes stretching and wrinkling skin

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33
Q

Skin color depends on:

A

the pigments carotene and melanin
–blood circulation (red cells)

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34
Q

Carotene

A

Orange-yellow pigment
•Found in orange vegetables
•Accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis
•Can be converted to vitamin A

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35
Q

Melanin

A

Yellow-brown or black pigment
•Produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum
•Stored in transport vesicles (melanosomes)
•Transferred to keratinocytes

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36
Q

melanosomes

A

transport vesicles

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37
Q

Function of Melanocytes

A

Melanin protects skin from sun damage

Skin color depends on melanin production, not number of melanocytes

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38
Q

blood vessels dilate from

A

Heat
Skin turns pale from decreased blood flow

39
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish skin tint
•Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation

40
Q

Addison’s disease

A

and other diseases of pituitary gland
–skin darkening

41
Q

Vitiglio

A

loss of melanocytes
–loss of color

42
Q

Epidermal cells produce_________ in the presence of UV

A

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

43
Q

Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D into________

to aid absorption of calcium and phosphorus

A

Calcitrol

44
Q

Insufficient vitamin D

A

rickets

45
Q

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

A

powerful peptide growth factor

produced by glands (salivary and duodenum)

46
Q

Functions of EGF

A

Promotes division of germinative cells
•Accelerates keratin production
•Stimulates epidermal repair
•Stimulates glandular secretion

47
Q

Dermis

A

Is located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer
•Anchors epidermal accessory structures

48
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Consists of areolar tissue
•Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons
•Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

49
Q

The Reticular Layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue
•Contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers
•Contains collagen and elastic fibers
•Contains connective tissue proper

50
Q

Dermatitis

A

An inflammation of the papillary layer
•Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy)
•Characterized by itch or pain

51
Q

Characteristics of Dermis

A

Strong, due to collagen fibers
•Elastic, due to elastic fibers
•Flexible (skin turgor)

52
Q

Lines of Cleavage

A

Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

resist force in a specific direction

53
Q

Arteries

A

Cutaneous plexus

Papillary plexus

54
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

a network of arteries along the reticular layer

55
Q

Papillary plexus

A

capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer

56
Q

Veins

A

Venous plexus

Contusion

57
Q

Venous plexus:

A

capillary return deep to the papillary plexus

58
Q

Contusion

A

damage to blood vessels resulting in “black and blue” bruising

59
Q

Nerve fibers in skin control

A

blood flow
–gland secretions
–sensory receptors

60
Q

Tactile disks

A

monitor Merkel cells

61
Q

subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A

lies below the integument
–stabilizes the skin
–allows separate movement

62
Q

Structure of the Hypodermis

A

made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
–connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers

63
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Deposits of subcutaneous fat:
–have distribution pattern determined by hormones
–are reduced by cosmetic liposuction

64
Q

Integumentary
Accessory Structures

A

Hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails:

65
Q

Functions of Hair

A

Protects and insulates
•Guards openings against particles and insects
•Is sensitive to very light touch

66
Q

The Hair Follicle

A

Is located deep in dermis
•Produces nonliving hairs
•Is wrapped in a dense connective-tissue sheath
•Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)

67
Q

Accessory Structures of Hair

A

Arrector pili

Sebaceous glands

68
Q

Arrector pili:

A

involuntary smooth muscle
–causes hairs to stand up
–produces “goose bumps

69
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

lubricate the hair
–control bacteria

70
Q

As hair is produced, it is

A

keratinized

71
Q

Club hair:

A

is not growing
–is attached to an inactive follicle

72
Q

hair growth cycle

A

follicle becomes active
–produces new hair
–club hair is shed

73
Q

Vellus hairs

A

soft, fine
–cover body surface

74
Q

Terminal hairs

A

heavy, pigmented
–head and eyebrows
–other parts of body after puberty

75
Q

Hair Color

A

Produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla

76
Q

Sebaceous glands (oil glands

A

holocrine glands
–secrete sebum

77
Q

Sweat glands

A

merocrine glands
–watery secretions

78
Q

Types of Sebaceous Glands

A

Simple branched alveolar glands:

Sebaceous follicles

79
Q

Simple branched alveolar glands

A

associated with hair follicles

80
Q

Sebaceous follicles:

A

discharge directly onto skin surface

81
Q

Sebum

A

Contains lipids and other ingredients
•Lubricates and protects the epidermis
•Inhibits bacteria

82
Q

Apocrine

A

found in armpits, around nipples, and groin

83
Q

Merocrine

A

widely distributed on body surface
–especially on palms and soles

84
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Merocrine secretions, not apocrine
•Associated with hair follicles
•Produce sticky, cloudy secretions
•Break down and cause odors

85
Q

Merocrine Sweat Glands

A

Also called eccrine glands:
–coiled, tubular glands
–discharge directly onto skin surface
–sensible perspiration
–water, salts, and organic compounds

86
Q

Functions of Merocrine Sweat

A

Cools skin
•Excretes water and electrolytes
•Flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

87
Q

Thermoregulation

A

is the main function of sensible perspiration
–works with cardiovascular system
–regulates body temperature

88
Q

Nail

A

made of dead cells packed with keratin

89
Q

Repair of Localized Injuries
to the Skin: Step 1

A

Bleeding occurs
•Mast cells trigger inflammatory response

90
Q

Repair of Localized Injuries
to the Skin: Step 2

A

A scab stabilizes and protects the area

91
Q

The Inflammatory Response

A

Germinative cells migrate around the wound
•Macrophages clean the area
•Fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in, producing granulation tissue

92
Q

Repair of Localized Injuries
to the Skin: Step 3

A

Fibroblasts produce scar tissue
•Inflammation decreases, clot disintegrates

93
Q

Repair of Localized Injuries
to the Skin: Step 4

A

Fibroblasts strengthen scar tissue
•A raised keloid forms

A&P 1 Review (4 decks)

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