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Topic 3A: Exchange and Transport Systems > Size and Surface Area > Flashcards

Size and Surface Area Flashcards

1
Q

What is amoeba?

A

Single-celled organism

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2
Q

What does amoeba need to exchange substances with the environment?

A
  • Water
  • Oxygen: Respire using glucose
  • Removal of carbon dioxide and waste product (urea)
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3
Q

Features that need to be exchanged in the enivnroment

A
  • Urea - waste product
  • Glucose
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Amino acids : Nutrients
  • Heat
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4
Q

Factors that affecting diffusion

A
  • Thickness of exchange surface
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Fick’s law
  • Surface area of exchange surface
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5
Q

Factors affecting specialised exchange surface

A
  • Thickness (thin)
  • Partially permeable - selectively permeable allowing selected materials across
  • Large surface area
  • Maintaining concentration gradient
  • Transport system to ensure movement of internal medium e.g blood maintaining diffusion gradient
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6
Q

Is no transport system involved in the gas exchange of insects? (blood)?

A

No

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7
Q

How are tracheoles adapted for function?

A
  • Embedded into tissues - short diffusion distance
  • Ends of tracheoles are permeable
  • Tracheoles containing gas - faster rate of diffusion by delivering more oxygen : gas has more energy
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8
Q

What materials does organism need to exchange with their environment?

A
  • Cells need to take in oxygen (aerobic respiration) and nutrients
  • Need to excrete waste products like carbon dioxide and urea
  • Stay at roughly the same temperature so heat is exchanged
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9
Q

Small organisms such as amoeba can obtain sufficient oxygen for respiration without a specialised gas exchange

Explain why?

A

Amoeba is a single-celled organism as it has a small distance for substances to travel

has a large surface area to volume raito

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10
Q

Many large animals have blood systems.

Explain why these animals need blood systems to supply their cells with oxygen

A

It is faster

Diffusion is slow

It is a long distance from some respiring tissue

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11
Q

What is their relationship between the size of mammals and their

surface area : volume raito?

A

The bigger the size of the mammal , the smaller their surface area to volume raito

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12
Q

How is a seal adapted to survive in cold conditions?

A
  • Having large volume, causing its surface area to be small. It makes it harder to lose heat from its body
  • Has huge layers of fat helping to insulate (blubbler)
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13
Q

Apart from the number of blood vessels , explain one way in which an earthworm’s skin is adapted for efficient gas exchange

A

It is thin heaving a thin exchange surface

increase the rate of diffusion with oxygen

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14
Q

Some aquatic worms have ‘feathery’ external gills , richly supplied with blood vessels

Explain how these gills increase the theoretical maximum size attainable by an aquatic worm

A

Help to increase their surface area

increase rate of diffusion of oxygen

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15
Q

Many mammals found in this part of Finland have a larger size and body mass than related species found in warmer regions

Explain the importance of this to survival.

A
  • Large mammals have small surface area to volume raito
    • Lose less heat to the environment by radiation
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16
Q

Populations of consumers living in this part of Finland fluctuate considerably in number from year to year

Populations of consumers living in warmer areas as much more stable

Explain this difference.

A

Producing unstable ecosystems

Few species will withstand

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17
Q

Diagram of Fick’s law

A
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18
Q

What do smaller animals have?

A

Higher surface area to volume raito

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19
Q

What does organism need to supply every one of its cells with?

A

Glucose and oxygen (respiration)

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20
Q

Does it remove waste products without cells damaged?

A

Yes

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21
Q

How to diffuse with single-celled organisms?

A

Substances can diffuse directly into (in or out) of the cell across the cell membrane

22
Q

How is diffusion rate with single-celled organisms?

A

Small distances the substances have to travel

23
Q

What is the first reason multi-cellular organism’s diffusion rate is slow?

CELLS

A

Some cells are deep within the body - there’s a big distance between them and the outside environment

24
Q

What is the second reason multi-cellular organism’s diffusion rate is slow?

SA: V

A

Low surface area to volume ratio -

difficult to exchange enough substances to supply a large volume of animal through a relatively small outer surface

25
Q

How do multicellular organisms be specialised in terms of exchanging materials?

A
  • Specialised exchange organs
    *
26
Q

Mass transport in mammals

A

‘Mass transport’ - using the circulatory system which uses blood to carry glucose and oxygen around the body

It carries hormones, antibodies and waste like CO2

27
Q

Mass transport in plants

A

Involves the transport of water and solutes in the xylem and phloem

28
Q

What happens if an large organism (large volume , small surface area )

e.g hippo

to heat exchange?

A

Harder for it to lose heat from its body

29
Q

What happens if it is a small organism (small volume to SA)

e.g mouse?

on its heat exchange?

A

Heat is lost more easily

Relatively high metabolic rate in order to generate enough heat to stay warm

30
Q

What happens with animals with a compact shape with heat exchange?

A

Small surface area to relative volume

minimising heat loss from their surface

31
Q

What happens if animals with a less compact shape with heat exchange?

A

larger surface area relative to their volume

increase heat loss from their envirnoment

32
Q

What animals with high SA to volume raito relate to water loss?

A

Lose more water as it evaporates from their surface

33
Q

How are the small desert mammals specialised with water loss?

A

Kidney structure adaptations so they produce less urine to compensate

34
Q

How do smaller mammals stay warm when the weather is cold?

A

Have thick layers of fur or hibernate

35
Q

Why are large organisms living in hot regions finding it hard to stay cool?

e.g elephants and hippos

A
  • Heat loss is relatively slow
36
Q

How has elephants been adapted to stay cool in hotter reigons?

A

Large flat ears to increase their surface area

allowing them to lose more heat

37
Q

How has hippos stayed cool during hotter reigons?

A

Spend most day in water -behavioural adaptation to lose heat

38
Q

Explain why a small mammal needs a relatively high metabolic rate compared to large animal?

A

Large SA to V

Heat is lost more easily from small mammal

High metabolic rate in order to generate enough heat to maintain a constant body temperature

39
Q

In snowy , winter months

small animals such as mice live in underground tunnels

Suggest why they have developed this behaviour

A

Small animals have large surface area to volume raito

they lose heat easily in cold temperatures

Underground temperatures are warmer so they keep warm

40
Q

In winter some birds ‘fluff’ their feathers to trap more warm air close to their body

Would you expect this phyisological adaptations to be more common among small or large birds?

A

Small birds have large surface area to volume raito

lose heat more easily than big birds

Have these adaptations to keep warm

41
Q

Some large desert animals such as coyotes, sleep during the day and only active at night

Suggest why they have this behaviour

A

Large animals have low surface area to volume raito

Harder to lose heat

Active at night since it is cooler

42
Q

Name two substances an animal needs to be taken in from the environment

A

Oxygen

Nutrients

Water

43
Q

Name two substances an animal needs to be released into the environment

A

Carbon dioxide

Urea

44
Q

What is meant by a ‘mass transport’ system?

A

A system in a multi-cellular organism that carries substances to and from individual cells

45
Q

Other than the body size or shape, give two adaptations a small animal may survive in a cold environment?

A

High metabolic rate

Thick layers of fur

Hibernate

46
Q

Other than body size or shape, give two adaptations a large animal might have to survive in a hot environment

A

Spend a lot of time in water

Large ears e.g increase surface area

47
Q

Properties of a single-celled organism with oxygen

A
  • Direct diffusion of oxygen
  • High SA: Vol - absorb oxygen through its membrane
48
Q

Properties of flatworm with oxygen

A
  • Direct diffusion of oxygen
  • Flat-short diffusion distance to every cell (high SA: Vol)
49
Q

Properties of small mammal (e.g mouse) with oxygen:

A
  • Lungs and circulation
  • High SA: Vol - loses more heat per gram of body
  • Faster rate of respiration
  • Needs more oxygen
  • To maintain a constant body temperature
50
Q

How is large mammal adapted with oxygen?

A
  • Small SA:Vol - loses less heat per gram in body
  • Slower rate of respiration
  • Less 02

Topic 3A: Exchange and Transport Systems (9 decks)

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