Interpreting Lung Disease Data Flashcards
What is risk factors?
All disease have factors will increase a person’s chance of getting that disease
Is smoking a risk factor for cancer?
Yes
If you smoke , you are more likely to get lung cancer
What is a correlation?
A link between two things
What does correlation not mean?
That one thing causes the other
Example of correlation doesn’t always mean that one thing causes the other
Smokers have increased the risk of getting cancer but that doesn’t necessarily
mean smoking cause the disease
- other factors to take into consideration
Example 1 - Smoking and Lung Cancer
Describe the data in this graph
Number of adult males in Great Britain who smoke decreased between 1990 and 2012
Example 1 - Smoking and Lung Cancer
Draw conclusions from the this graph
A correlation/link between the number of males who smoked and the mortality rate for male lung cancer
- can’t say one caused the other
There could be other reasons for the trend
e. g deaths due to lung cancer may have decreased as less asbestos was being used in homes
- rate of lung cancer cases increase but medical advances mean more people were surviving
Government restrictions on sources of risk factors
- Medical studies in 1950 and 1960s document the link between smoking and various forms of cancer , particulary lung cancer
- Evidence prompt the first voluntary agreement between the UK goverment and tobacco companies in 1971
- It stated that tobacco products and adverts should carry a health warning label
- As October 2008, picture health warnings were made compulsory of UL boxes of cigarettes after they were more effective than written warnings alone
Example 2 - Air Pollution and Asthma
Describe the data….
- Number of new cases of asthma in UK fell between 1996 and 2000 from 87 to 62 per 100 000 people
Example 2 - Air Pollution and Asthma
Describe the data….
Emissions of sulfur dioxide in the UK fell between 1996 and 2000, from 2 to 1.2 million tonnes
Example 2 - Air Pollution and Asthma
Draw the conclusions…
- Link between the number of new cases of asthma and emissions of slufur dioxide in UK
- Rate of new cases of asthma has fallen as sulfur dioxide emissions fallen
- e.g number of new cases of asthma falling due to the decrease of people smoking
- (can’t say air pollution as only sulfur dioxide studied)
Government restrictions on air pollutions
- Studies connecting air pollution to various disease
- EU adopted the National Emissions Ceilings Directive
- Sets upper limits on total emissions of four major pollutants in atmosphere to be achieved by 2010
- New limits are being agreed for 2020
- EU also introduced the Clean Power for Transport Package to create cleaner fuels for vehicles
- UK taxes car owners according to their car’s emissions
a) Describe the changes in daily death rate and the levels of pollutants over the days shown
b) What conclusions can be drawn from the graph
a) The daily death rate increased rapidly after 4th Dec peaking around 7th then decreasing
Pollutants follow same pattern
b)Link/Correlation between the increase in sulfur dioxide and smoke concentration and increase in death rate
PVR = Tidal Volume x BR
Tidal Volume - hyperventilating
Measure from start and then towards the peak (minus both of them) = 4.3 - 2.3 = 2dm3
Breathing Rate - Measure time between two peaks and minus from both
60 divided by time you calculated= BR (60/1.5 = 40 breaths per min)
PVR = 2X 40 = 80dm3min-1
What are the follow risk factors for lung disease:
- Smoking: 90% suffering from COPD are heavy smokers
- Air Pollution: Pollutant particles and gases (e.g sulfur dioxide) increase likelihood of COPD in areas of heavy industry
- Genetic make-up : Some people are genetically vulnerable
- Infections : chest infections
- Occupation: People working with harmful chemicals and dust may be inhaled increase risk
Suggest some restrictions been introduced and reduce the incidence of lung disease:
- Banning Smoking in public places at work/shops: reduce opportunties for smoker to smoke
- Ban on tobacco advertisting: Less encouragment for smokers and people young to start
- Minium age to buy: Help prevent young people to smoke and become addicted at an early age
- Plain packaging: Reduce appeal of tobacco
Pulmonary fibrosis
One symptom is the shortness of breath, especially when exercising. Suggest why this symptom arises
Much air occupied from the fibrous tissue
Less air
Less oxygen is taken in lungs at each breath
Scar tissue thicker and less elastic than normal lung tissue
One measure of lung function if FEV
Volume of air that can forcily be blown in one second after a full inspiration
Suggest how pulmonary fibrosis might effect FEV and explain why:
FEV less
Fibrosis - scar tissue less elastic so difficult to breath out
If the volume of air in the lungs when the person inhaled was 3000cm3
calculate the volume of air in the lungs after the person had exhaled
Show your working
Measure from 0 to peak
3000dm3 - 3 cm3
3 - 0.48 = 2.52dm3
