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Topic 3A: Exchange and Transport Systems > Effect of Lung Disease > Flashcards

Effect of Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What does lung disease affect in the lungs?

A

Both ventilation (breathing) and gas exchange - your lung’s function

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2
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The volume of air in each breath

The volume of air breathed in or out per breaths at rest

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3
Q

What is the tidal volume typically for adults?

A

0.4 dm3 and 0.5dm3

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4
Q

What is the ventilation rate?

A

Number of breaths per minute

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5
Q

What is the ventilation rate for a healthy person at rest?

A

15 breaths

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6
Q

What is Forced Expiratory Volume1 is abbreviated to?

A

FEV1

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7
Q

What is FEV1 ?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second

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8
Q

What is Forced vital capacity abbreviated to?

A

FVC

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9
Q

What is FVC?

A

Maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in

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10
Q

How to find out the tidal volume, ventilation and other measures of breathing?

A

Producing a graph using a spirometer

doctors use this to measure the volume of air breathed in and out

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11
Q

Diagram of a spirometer labelled (1)

A
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12
Q

Diagram of spirometer graph labelled (2)

A
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13
Q

Examples of lung diseases

mentioned

A
  • Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
  • Fibrosis
  • Asthma
  • Emphysema
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14
Q

How someone becomes infected with tuberculosis bacteria form small hard lumps known as tubercles?

(TB)

A

Immune system cells build a wall around the bacteria in the lungs

This forms small , hard lumps known as tubercles

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15
Q

How is the tidal volume decreased with someone infected with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) have their tidal volume decreased?

A

Infected tissue within the tubercles dies and the gaseous exchange is damaged

-therefore, tidal volume is decreased

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16
Q

What is another reason that someone with pulmonary tuberculosis reduces their tidal volume?

A

Tuberculosis also causes fibrosis

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17
Q

Why is a reduced tidal volume fatal for someone with TB?

A

Less hair can be inhaled in each breath

In order to take in enough oxygen, patients have to breathe faster i.e. ventilation rate is increased

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18
Q

What is the common symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)?

A
  • Persistent cough
  • Coughing up blood and mucus
  • Chest pain
  • Shortness of breath and fatigue
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19
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Formation of scar tissue in the lungs

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20
Q

What can fibrosis be the result of?

A

Infection or exposure to substances like asbestos or dust

21
Q

What is the effect of scar tissue in terms of fibrosis?

A

The scar tissue is thicker and less elastic than normal lung tissue

22
Q

What is the effect of fibrosis on causing the scar tissue to be more thicker and less elastic?

A

Lungs are less able to expand and can’t hold as much air as normal

tidal volume is reduced so is FVC (small vol of air can be forcefully breathed out)

23
Q

Why is there a reduction of the rate of gas exchange with someone with fibrosis?

A

Diffusion is slower across a thicker scarred membrane

24
Q

What is the symptoms of fibrosis?

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Dry cough
  • Chest pain
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
25
Q

What happens with people with fibrosis with their ventilation rate?

A

Faster ventilation rate than normal

  • to get enough air into their lungs to oxygenate their blood
26
Q

What is asthma?

A

Respiratory condition where the airways become inflamed and irritated

27
Q

How is asthma caused?

A

This varies case to case

Usually due to allergic reaction to subtances such as pollen and dust

28
Q

What happens during an asthma attack?

A
  • Smooth muscle lining the bronchioles contracts and a large amount of mucus is produced
  • Cause constriction of airways making it difficult to breathe properly
  • Air flow in and out of lungs is reduced - less oxygen enters to alveoli and moves into the blood
  • Reduced air flow means FEV1 is severely reduced (less air breathed out in 1 s
29
Q

What is symptoms of asthma?

A
  • Wheezing
  • Tight chest
  • Shortness of breath

During asthma attack , these symptons can come very suddenly

30
Q

What can asthma/ asthma attacks be relieved by?

A

Drugs - often inhalers

cause the muscle in bronchioles to relax , opening up the airways

31
Q

What is emphysema?

A

It is a lung disease caused by smoking or long-term exposure to air pollution

-foreign particles in the smoke (or air) become trapped in alveoli)

32
Q

What can emphysema cause as foreign particles in the smoke become trapped in alveoli?

A

Inflammation which attracts phagocytes to the area

33
Q

What do phagocytes usually produce?

A

Enzyme that breaks down elastin (a protein found in the walls of the alveoli)

34
Q

What is elastin and how is it helpful?

A

It is elastic

It helps the alveoli to return to its normal shape after inhaling and exhaling air

35
Q

Why the loss of elastin in emphysema dangerous?

A

Alveoli can’t recoil or expel air as well ( remains trapped in alveoli)

  • leads to destruction of alveoli walls which reduces the surface area of alveoli so the rate of gas exchange decreases
36
Q

What are the symptons of emphysema?

A
  • Shortness of breath and wheezing
  • increased ventilation rate ( try to increase amount of air - containing oxygen to reach to their lungs)
37
Q

People with TB , Fibrosis , asthma and Emphysema

how are the sufferers often feel tired and weak?

A
  • Reduce rate of gas exchange in alveoli
  • Less oxygen is able to diffuse into the bloodstream , body cells recieve less oxygen and rate of aerobic respiation is reduced
  • Less energy is released
38
Q

FVC is the max amount of air it is possible to expel from the lungs after a deep breath in.

A hospital paitent has emphysema

The paitent has lower FVC than normal

EXPLAIN HOW EMPHYSEMA REDUCE FVC

A

Emphysema involves the loss/break down of elastin in the walls of alveoli

Alveoli cannot recoil to expel air as well

39
Q

FEV1 is the max vol of air that can be breathed out in 1 second

FEV1 is around 80% of FVC in a healthy adult. The emphysema paitent has a FVC of 3.2 dm3 and a FEV1 of 1.7 dm3

In a fibrosis paitent , FEV1 is close to 80% of FVC even though FVC is reduced

Suggest an explanation for this

A

Both FEV and FVC are reduced

raito between them stays the same as in a healthy person

40
Q

Explain how the advantage of pulmonary capillary being very narrow

A

RBC are flattened against the walls of the capillaries to enable them to pass through

slows them down to increase time for gas exchange

reduce diffusion pathway

increase rate of diffusion

41
Q

Describe the main difference between healthy lung tissue and the diseased lung tissue

A

Alveoli is enlarged/ much larger in diseased lungs in healthy lungs

They have merged together

In healthy person , the alveoli is more distinct

42
Q

Why people with emphysema have a lower level of oxygen in blood than normal

A

Alveoli is much more enlarged - small SA for gas exchange - slowing rate of diffusion of oxygen into blood

Paitent with emphysema would have lower level of oxygen in blood

43
Q

How to calculate pulmonary ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate

44
Q

What is oxygen consumption?

A

Volume of oxygen used (per minute)

45
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Total volume of air breathed in one minute

46
Q

How to calculate pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

Pulmonary ventilation = Tidal Vol x Breathing Rate

47
Q

How to plot graph for spirometer

A

Volume of air in lungs (dm -) in y-axis

Time seconds in x-axis

48
Q

Effect of exercise

A
  • Tidal volume increase (deeper breaths)
  • Breathing Rate increase (Faster breathing)
  • Pulmonary ventilation increase (breath more air per min)
  • Oxygen consumption increase (more respiration)

Topic 3A: Exchange and Transport Systems (9 decks)

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